Jurnal Neuroanestesi Indonesia (JNI) recognizes the increasing use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and AI-assisted technologies in scientific research and scholarly publishing. JNI permits the responsible use of AI-assisted tools while maintaining the principles of accuracy, transparency, originality, confidentiality, research integrity, and accountability.

This policy applies to authors, reviewers, editors, and editorial staff involved in the submission, peer-review, editing, and publication processes of JNI.

1. General Principles

AI-assisted technologies, including Large Language Models (LLMs), chatbots, generative AI systems, and AI-based image or data tools, may be used when appropriate and when their use does not compromise the scientific or ethical integrity of the manuscript.

AI-generated content may be inaccurate, incomplete, biased, or contain inappropriate or unverifiable information. Therefore, human authors remain fully responsible for all content submitted to and published by JNI.

2. Use of AI by Authors

Authors may use AI-assisted technologies to support activities such as language improvement, grammar correction, translation, manuscript organization, or other appropriate forms of writing assistance.

Authors who use AI-assisted technologies must carefully review, verify, and edit all AI-assisted content before submission. Authors are responsible for ensuring the accuracy, originality, scientific validity, and ethical integrity of the manuscript.

AI tools must not be used to fabricate or manipulate data, results, images, references, citations, patient information, or other scientific content.

Authors must ensure that the use of AI does not result in plagiarism, inappropriate attribution, copyright infringement, or misrepresentation of the source of information.

3. Disclosure of AI Use

Authors must disclose the use of AI-assisted technologies in the preparation of a submitted manuscript.

The disclosure should identify:

• the name of the AI tool or technology used;
• the purpose for which the AI tool was used; and
• the part or stage of manuscript preparation in which the AI tool was used.

AI use should be disclosed in the cover letter at submission and, where applicable, in the manuscript in an appropriate section such as the Acknowledgments or Methods section.

For example:

If AI is used for data collection, data analysis, statistical processing, figure generation, or other research-related activities, the authors should describe its use in the relevant section of the manuscript, including sufficient information to ensure transparency and reproducibility.

4. AI Cannot Be an Author

AI tools, chatbots, Large Language Models, or other AI-assisted technologies cannot be listed as authors or co-authors of manuscripts submitted to JNI.

Authorship requires human responsibility and accountability for the accuracy, integrity, originality, and ethical compliance of the published work. AI systems cannot meet these requirements.

5. Accuracy, References, and Originality

Authors remain responsible for verifying all information generated or assisted by AI tools, including factual statements, scientific interpretations, references, citations, quotations, and statistical information.

AI-generated references and citations must be independently checked against the original scholarly sources. AI-generated material should not be treated as a reliable primary source without appropriate verification.

Authors must ensure that manuscripts do not contain plagiarism or unattributed material, including text, images, figures, or other content generated or modified with the assistance of AI.

6. Confidentiality and Research Data

Authors must not upload confidential, unpublished, personal, identifiable, or otherwise sensitive research information to AI systems where the confidentiality and security of such information cannot be assured.

This includes patient-identifiable information, unpublished research data, manuscripts under review, confidential correspondence, reviewer comments, and other protected material.

Authors must comply with applicable research ethics requirements, patient confidentiality standards, data protection regulations, and institutional policies when using AI-assisted technologies.

7. AI Use by Peer Reviewers

Peer reviewers must maintain the strict confidentiality of manuscripts and all information obtained during the peer-review process.

Reviewers must not upload submitted manuscripts, figures, tables, supplementary materials, reviewer comments, or other confidential information into AI systems where confidentiality cannot be assured.

Reviewers who intend to use AI-assisted technologies to facilitate their review must follow the journal's policy and obtain permission from the editorial office when required.

AI tools must not replace the reviewer's independent scientific judgment. Reviewers remain responsible for the accuracy, fairness, confidentiality, and integrity of their review reports.

8. AI Use by Editors and Editorial Staff

Editors and editorial staff must protect the confidentiality of submitted manuscripts and related editorial materials.

Editors and editorial staff must not upload confidential manuscript content into AI systems where confidentiality cannot be assured without appropriate authorization.

AI-assisted technologies may be used for appropriate administrative, language, or editorial support, but such tools must not replace the independent judgment and responsibility of the editors.

Any editorial use of AI that materially affects the processing or production of manuscripts should be conducted transparently and in accordance with applicable ethical standards.

9. AI-Generated Images and Figures

Authors must disclose the use of AI tools for generating, modifying, or enhancing images, figures, illustrations, or other visual materials when such use is relevant to the scientific content of the manuscript.

AI-generated or AI-modified images must not misrepresent, fabricate, or selectively alter scientific findings, clinical information, or research data.

Authors remain responsible for ensuring that all images and figures comply with research integrity, copyright, patient confidentiality, and publication ethics requirements.

10. Undisclosed or Misleading Use of AI

Failure to disclose material use of AI-assisted technologies may result in further inquiry by the editorial office and may require correction, clarification, or other editorial action where appropriate.

Concerns regarding fabricated content, plagiarism, manipulated data, misleading use of AI, or other forms of research or publication misconduct will be handled in accordance with the publication ethics policies of JNI.

11. Author Responsibility

The use of AI-assisted technologies does not transfer responsibility from the authors to the AI system, software provider, or journal.

Authors remain fully responsible for the accuracy, originality, integrity, ethical compliance, and final content of their manuscript.

12. Policy Review

JNI may update this policy periodically in response to developments in artificial intelligence, scholarly publishing standards, research ethics, and recommendations from relevant organizations.

Authors, reviewers, editors, and editorial staff are expected to comply with the most recent version of this policy available on the JNI website.

Jurnal Neuroanestesi Indonesia (JNI) is committed to responsible, transparent, and ethical use of Artificial Intelligence in scholarly publishing.