Penatalaksanaan Anestesi Untuk Drainase Abses Otak Pasien Dengan Tetralogi Of Fallot
Abstract
Tetralogi of Fallot (TOF), pertama kali diperkenalkan pada tahun 1888 oleh seorang dokter dari Prancis yang bernama Etienne-Louis Arthur Fallot. Tetralogi of Fallot (TOF) merupakan salah satu jenis cacat jantung bawaan sianotik yang paling banyak diketemukan. Tetralogi of Fallot (TOF) memiliki empat kelainan yaitu: (1) stenosis infundibulum pulmonari, (2) Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD), (3) overidding aorta, dan (4) hipertrofi ventrikel kanan. Pasien dengan penyakit kongenital jantung sianotik (right to left shunt) memiliki resiko terjadinya abses otak. Penyakit jantung sianotik terhitung sekitar 12.8-69,4% dari semua kasus abses otak dan insidensi tertinggi terjadi pada anak-anak. Kami melaporkan seorang anak laki-laki berusia 8 tahun, berat badan 16 kg dengan abses otak multiple yang disertai dengan cacat jantung bawaan sianotik Tetralogi of Fallot (TOF) yang akan dilakukan aspirasi abses. Pasien datang dengan suhu tubuh 39oC, GCS 13, Tekanan darah 90/50 mmHg, nadi 120 x/menit, SpO2 90% dengan simple mask 6 L/menit. Hasil lab menunjukan Hb14gr%, Hematokrit 41%, thrombosit 250.000/mm3. PT/aPTT 13,2/26,9. Sudah terpasang infus dari UGD, selanjutnya diberikan premedikasi midazolam 1 mg intravena, induksi dengan propofol, fentanyl, vecuronium, rumatan anestesi dengan oksigen–udara, sevoflurane. 12 Jurnal Neuroanestesia Indonesia Operasi berlangsung selama 1,5 jam, pemberian cairan dengan target normovolume, pascaoperasi dirawat di neurointensive care unit selama 3 hari. Puasa prabedah harus diperhitungkan sebaik-baiknya karena pasien harus tetap terhidrasi dengan baik. Pasien TOF dengan polisitemia, apabila terjadi dehidrasi akan meningkatkan viskositas dan sludging. Pasien ini sudah terhidrasi dengan baik dan cairan pengganti puasa diberikan melalui infus. Pasien harus dalam keadaan tenang dan rileks. Pasien diberikan premedikasi midazolam intravena. Premedikasi dengan suntikan intramuskuler harus dihindari karena kecemasan dan stress dapat menyebabkan “tet” spell. Premedikasi berat juga harus dihindari karena adanya depresi nafas yang menimbulkan hiperkarbia dapat meningkatkan Pulmonary Vascular Resistance (PVR) dan menimbulkan peningkatan shunting dari kanan ke kiri. Aspirasi abses serebri tidak dapat dilakukan dengan anestesi lokal karena akan meningkatkan kecemasan, tekanan darah pasien. Anestesi harus dilakukan dengan anestesi umum. Pengelolaan perioperatif pasien TOF yang dilakukan operasi ditempat lain (bukan operasi TOFnya) memerlukan pemahaman tentang patofisiologik TOF dan teknik neuroanestesi untuk mendapatkan outcome yang baik.
Anesthesia Management For Brain Abscess Drainage Patient With Tetralogy Of Fallot
Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) was first described in 1888 by a French physician named Etienne-Louis Arthur Fallot. Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is one type of cyanotic congenital heart defect most widely found. Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) has four abnormalities: (1) pulmonary infundibulum stenosis, (2) VSD (Ventricular Septal Defect), (3) overriding aorta, and (4) right ventricular hypertrophy. Patients with congenital cyanotic heart disease (right to left shunt) have a risk of brain abscess. The incidences of cyanotic heart disease is about 12.8-69,4% of all cases of brain abscess and the highest incidence occurs in children. We reported an 8-years old 16-kg boy with multiple brain abscesses accompanied with cyanotic congenital heart defect Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) and whom abscess aspiration would be performed. Patients was present with body temperature 39oC, GCS 13, blood pressure 90/50 mmHg, pulse 120 beats/min, SpO2 90% with a simple mask using oxygenation of 6 L/min. Lab results showed Hb 14gr%, hematocrit 41%, platelet count 250.000/mm3, PT /aPTT: 13.2/26.9. Patient was mounted infusion from the emergency ward (ER), given 1 mg intravenous midazolam premedication, induction with propofol, fentanyl, vecuronium, maintenance with oxygen-air anesthesia and sevoflurane. The operation lasted for 1.5 hours, the infusion targeted to normal volume, postoperative care was given in the neurointensive care unit for 3 days. Pre-surgical fasting plan plays an important role because the patient must remains well hydrated. TOF patients with polycythemia when dehydrated, will increase the viscosity and sludging events. This patient was well hydrated and fasting replacement fluid therapy was given intravenously. Patients should be in a state of calm and relaxed. Patient was given intravenous midazolam premedication. Premedication with intramuscular injections should be avoided, since anxiety and stress may lead to "tet" spell. Heavy premedication should also be avoided because of respiratory depression leading to hypercarbia can increase the Pulmonary Vascular Resistance (PVR) and precipitate increased shunting from right to the left. Cerebral abscess aspiration can not be performed under local anesthesia because it increases the anxiety and the patient's blood pressure. Anesthesia should be performed under general anesthesia. Management of perioperative TOF patients who will underwent surgery elsewhere (not for TOF) requires deep understanding on TOF pathophysiology and neuro-anesthesia techniques to get a good outcome
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.24244/jni.vol1i2.87
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