Disfungsi Kognitif Post Operatif pada Geriatri
Abstract
Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction (POCD) adalah gangguan neurokognitif yang ditandai dengan penurunan kinerja kognitif setelah operasi dan anestesi. POCD ditandai dengan gangguan memori, penurunan proses informasi, berkurangnya perhatian, serta perubahan suasana hati dan kepribadian. Insidensi POCD pada pasien lanjut usia (> 60 tahun) sekitar 25,8% dalam tujuh hari setelah operasi dan 10% dalam tiga bulan setelah operasi. Faktor risiko dan etiologi yang menyebabkan POCD dapat dikurangi dengan edukasi pasien yang baik, perawatan pasien, dan sanitasi yang tepat sehingga dapat mencegah kecenderungan gejala POCD pada pasien tersebut. Pemeriksaan dapat dilakukan dengan tes pembelajaran kata, tes pembuatan Jejak, tes ketangkasan manual, dan tes kemampuan untuk mengingat urutan angka. Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) sebagai tes untuk melakukan skrining demensia. MMSE terkadang digunakan untuk mengukur POCD. MMSE dapat digunakan dalam praktik klinis rutin untuk mengidentifikasi demensia subklinis pra operasi yang akan menempatkan pasien pada risiko yang lebih tinggi untuk berkembang menjadi POCD. Penatalaksanaan pada POCD meliputi dua pendekatan yaitu penegakkan diagnosis secara cepat dan pencegahan gejala POCD. Pencegahan dapat dilakukan dengan mengetahui faktor risiko preoperatif, intraoperatif, dan postoperatif. Pasien dengan POCD persisten mengalami dampak negatif pada kualitas hidup, kinerja memori subjektif, emosional, dan mungkin didapatkan konsekuensi kesehatan seperti demensia dan kematian dini.
Post Operative Cognitive Dysfunction among Elderly Patients
Abstract
Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction (POCD) is a neurocognitive disorder characterized by decreased cognitive performance after surgery and anesthesia. POCD is a complication characterized by memory impairment, decreased information processing and reduced attention, accompanied by changes in mood and personality. The incidence of POCD in elderly patients (> 60 years) was approximately 25.8% within seven days after surgery and 10% within three months after surgery. The risk factors and etiology that lead to POCD can be reduced by good patient education, patient care and proper sanitation can prevent the tendency of POCD symptoms in these patients. Examination can be done with the learning test, the word learning test, the tracing test, the manual dexterity test, the ability test to remember a sequence of numbers. Mini Mental Status Examination (MMSE) as a screening test for dementia. MMSE is sometimes used to measure POCD. MMSE can be used in routine clinical practice to identify preoperative subclinical dementia that would put patients at a higher risk of developing POCD. Management in POCD includes two approaches, namely rapid diagnosis and prevention of POCD symptoms. Prevention by knowing the risk factors preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative. In patients with persistent POCD, it has a negative impact on quality of life, subjective memory performance, emotional symptoms, and possible health consequences such as dementia and premature death.
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.24244/jni.v10i3.418
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