Penatalaksanaan Pasien Cedera Kepala Berat dengan Evakuasi Perdarahan Subdural yang Tertunda
Abstract
Cedera kepala traumatik merupakan masalah kesehatan serius karena merupakan pemicu kematian di seluruh dunia. Sekitar 1–1,5 juta jiwa di Eropa dan Amerika Serikat mengalami cedera kepala tiap tahunnya. Perdarahan subdural akut (PSDA) adalah salah satu kelainan yang menyertai cedera kepala berat. Insidennya mencapai 12–30% dari pasien yang masuk dengan cedera kepala berat. PSDA merupakan tantangan yang berat karena angka morbiditas dan mortalitasnya yang tinggi (55–70%). Waktu antara trauma dan evakuasi perdarahan merupakan faktor paling penting dalam menentukan luaran pasien dengan PSDA. Interval waktu evakuasi lebih dari empat jam pascatrauma meningkatkan angka kematian sampai 85% dibandingkan bila dilakukan dibawah empat jam (30%). Disamping itu, penundaan tindakan evakuasi bekuan darah menambah pelik permasalahan yang ada. Laki-laki 29 tahun, 75 kg diagnosa cedera kepala berat, perdarahan subdural akut fronto-temporo-parietal kiri, dan direncanakan evakuasi hematoma segera. Setelah stabilisasi didapatkan jalan napas potensial obstruksi, tekanan darah 160–170/90 mmHg, laju nadi 65–70 x/menit irregular, GCS 1–1–2 , pupil anisokor 3mm/4mm, hemiparese kanan. Pasien diintubasi, pernapasan di kontrol dan dirawat sementara di ICU karena penundaan evakuasi hematoma. Operasi dilakukan setelah 7 jam pasca pasien tidak sadar. Interval waktu evakuasi lebih dari empat jam pascatrauma menyebabkan peningkatan angka kematian sampai 85% dibandingkan bila dilakukan dibawah empat jam (30%). Beberapa cara dapat dilakukan selama waktu penundaan evakuasi untuk mencegah herniasi sehingga klinisi memiliki harapan dalam pengelolaan PSDA yang mengalami penundaan evakuasi. Tujuan dari laporan kasus ini adalah membahas tindakan-tindakan tersebut dengan harapan mendapat masukan sehingga pengelolaan pasien cedera kepala dengan PSDA menjadi lebih baik.
Severe Head Injury Management with Delayed Subdural Hematoma
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is major health problem and leading cause of death worldwide. Approximately 1-1,5 milion people in Europe and United States suffered from TBI yearly. Acute subdural hematoma (ASDH) is commonly seen in severe TBI. The incidence of ASDH is between 12 to 30% with high morbidity and mortality rate (55-70%). Time to surgery is the most important factor that determined the outcome. Time to surgery more than 4 hours is associated with higher mortality rate (85%) compare to when the surgery is done within 4 hours (30%) from the onset of TBI. Furthermore, delayed in surgical clot removal may worsen the outcome. A 29 years old man, 75kgs, suffered from TBI with left fronto-temporo-parietal ASDH and was planned for emergency evacuation of subdural. The airway tended to suffer from obstruction, blood pressure 160-170/90 mmHg, heart rate was irregular around 65-70 bpm, GCS 1-1-2, pupil was anisokor 3mm/4mm, and right hemiparese was found. Patient.was then intubated, the ventilation was controlled and he was managed in the ICU because the operation was delayed. The operation was done after more than 7 hours since the neurological deterioration initiated. There are several methods may be conducted during the delay surgery time to prevent herniation, so phycisiant may regain better result on delayed ASDH surgery. This case report will discuss methods in managing patient with delayed evacuation of ASDH for a better outcome.
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.24244/jni.vol4i3.125
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