Prediktor Outcome pada Cedera Kepala Traumatik (Glukosa, Laktat, SID, MDA, Cerebral Extraction Ratio for Oxygen/CERO2 )

Agus Baratha Suyasa, Sudadi Sudadi, Sri Rahardjo, Bambang Suryono

Abstract


Latar Belakang: Jaringan tubuh memiliki kebutuhan yang berbeda terhadap glukosa. Otak memiliki kebutuhan yang paling besar terhadap glukosa. Otak sangat rentan terhadap iskemia yang menunjukkan bahwa otak memiliki laju metabolik yang tinggi. Mekanisme injury iskemia adalah perubahan biokimia dan perubahan fisiologis yang terjadi karena ganguan sirkulasi. Perubahan-perubahan tersebut seperti: (1) Hilangnya phospat energi tinggi, (2) Asidosis karena proses anaerob yang menghasilkan laktat dan (3) No Reflow karena oedem otak. Penggunaan kadar laktat sebagai indikator iskemia jaringan, telah banyak dilakukan dalam berbagai penelitian. Hasil-hasil penelitian tersebut menunjukkan bahwa kadar laktat dapat digunakan sebagai penanda awal untuk memprediksi resiko komplikasi, mortalitas post operatif dan kejadian MOF (Multiple Organ Failure). Belakangan banyak dibicarakan mengenai hubungan perubahan SID dengan outcome klinis yang buruk. Mereka menemukan bahwa SID/SIG merupakan prediktor kuat terhadap outcome pasien. Stres oksidatif merupakan salah satu mekanisme yang terlibat dalam kerusakan saraf akibat iskemia dan reperfusi, diperkirakan karena terbentuknya lipid peroksidase. MDA digunakan sebagai penanda dari peroksidasi lipid, terutama untuk proses-proses yang berhubungan dengan stress oksidatif. Rasio ekstraksi oksigen serebral (CERO2) dapat dipergunakan sebagai indikator adanya iskemia otak.

Subyek dan Metode: Sebelas pasien cedera kepala traumatik dengan GCS awal 5-12 yang menjalani operasi kraniotomi evakuasi, dilakukan pengamatan terhadap kadar glukosa, laktat, SID, MDA, nilai CERO2 serta outcome (nilai APS Score) dari pre operasi sampai 3 hari pasca operasi di ICU. Sample darah diambil dari vena jugularis interna dan arteri radialis. Hasil pengamatan dianalisa untuk melihat hubungan antara variabel pengamatan dengan outcome.

Hasil: Ditemukan hubungan yang kuat antara variable kadar laktat, MDA, CERO2 terhadap outcome pasien secara umum. Namun terdapat variasi jika analisa dilakukan menurut kondisi waktu pengamatan. Hari ke-2 adalah waktu yang paling ideal untuk melihat pengaruh kadar laktat terhadap outcome sedangkan untuk melihat hubungan MDA dan CERO2 terhadap outcome, waktu pengamatan paling ideal hari ke-3.

Simpulan: Variabel kadar laktat, MDA dan OER menunjukkan hasil yang menjanjikan sebagai prediktor outcome pada pasien dengan cedera kepala traumatik pasca kraniotomi walaupun belum dapat di simpulkan dan dijadikan acuan secara luas. Perlu suatu penelitian multicentre dengan jumlah sample yang lebih banyak serta desain penelitian yang baik untuk mendapatkan hasil yang benar-benar dapat di jadikan acuan secara luas mengenai variabel prediktor serta waktu pengamatan sehingga dapat memberikan informasi yang baik tentang prognosis outcome pasien cedera kepala traumatik, yang tetap berdasar pada patofisiologi cedera kepala serta kaskade kematian sel karena cedera otak sekunder.


Predictor of Outcome in Traumatic Brain Injury (Glucosa, Lactate, SID, MDA, Cerebral Extraction Ratio for Oxygen/CERO2)

Background: The tissue has a different requirement for glucose. The brain has the greatest need for glucose. The brain is very susceptible to ischemia suggests that the brain has a high metabolic rate. Mechanism of ischemic injury is the biochemical changes and physiological changes that occur due to circulatory disturbances. Such changes as: (1) The loss of high energy phosphate, (2) acidosis due to anaerobic process that produces lactic and (3) No Reflow because of brain edema. The use of lactate levels as an indicator of tissue ischemia, has been widely applied in various studies. The results of these studies indicate that the levels of lactate can be used as an early marker for predicting the risk of complications, postoperative mortality and the incidence of MOF (Multiple Organ Failure). Lately a lot of talk about the relationship SID changes with poor clinical outcome. They found that the SID / SIG is a strong predictor of patient outcome. Oxidative stress is one of the mechanisms involved in neuronal damage due to ischemia and reperfusion, presumably due to the formation of lipid peroxidation. MDA is used as a marker of lipid peroxidation, especially for processes associated with oxidative stress. CERO2 can be used as an indicator of cerebral ischemia.

Subjects and Method: Eleven patients with a traumatic head injury initial GCS 5-12 who underwent craniotomy with evacuation operations, was observed on levels of glucose, lactate, SID, MDA, the CERO2 and the outcome (the APS Score) from pre surgery to 3 days after surgery in the ICU. Blood samples taken from the jugular internal vein and radial artery. Observations were analyzed to see the relationship between the variables with the outcome observations.

Results: Found a strong relationship between the variable: levels of lactate, MDA and CERO2 on patient outcomes in general. But there are variations between them according to the conditions when the analysis carried out observations. Day 2 is the most ideal time to see the effect on outcome of lactate levels whereas to see the relationship between the MDA and CERO2 to outcome, the observation idealy taken on day 3.

Conclusion: The variables, levels of lactate, MDA and CERO2 showed promising results as a predictor of outcome in patients with traumatic brain injury after craniotomy, although not yet to be concluded and is widely used as a reference. Need a multicentre study with more number of samples and good research design to get the results that can really make a reference in a broad range of predictor variables and the observations so as to provide good information about the prognosis of outcome of patients with traumatic brain injury, who remain based on the pathophysiology of brain injury and cell death cascade of secondary brain injury.

 


 


Keywords


Kadar glukosa; laktat; SID; MDA; CERO2; prediktor outcome; cedera kepala traumatik (TBI); : Levels of Glucose; Lactate; SID; MDA; CERO2; predictors of outcome; traumatic brain injury (TBI)

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.24244/jni.vol1i4.97

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