Penanganan Edema Serebri Berat dan Herniasi Serebri pada Cedera Kepala Traumatik
Abstract
Cedera kepala traumatik merupakan salah satu kondisi yang mengancam jiwa secara serius pada korban kecelakaan, dan merupakan penyebab utama kecacatan dan kematian pada dewasa dan anak-anak. Subdural hematom merupakan lesi fokal intrakranial yang paling sering dijumpai, sekitar 24% dari pasien yang mengalami cedera kepala berat tertutup. Edema serebral sering ditemui pada praktek klinis dan merupakan penyebab utama morbiditas dan mortalitas pada pasien sakit kritis serta pasien bedah saraf yang mengalami cedera otak akut. Herniasi serebri adalah suatu keadaan emergensi, dimana tujuan terapi adalah menyelamatkan jiwa pasien. Prognosis sangat tergantung di bagian mana herniasi terjadi. Kematian pasti terjadi jika herniasi tidak ditangani. Seorang wanita 27 thn dengan subdural hematom frontotemporoparietal D, edema serebri berat dan herniasi serebri, dengan riwayat tidak sadar setelah terjatuh dari motor karena ditabrak. Rencana dilakukan craniotomi evakuasi clot dan dekompresi. Saat pasien tiba, assesmen ditegakan, intubasi segera dilakukan untuk menguasai jalan nafas dan memberikan oksigenasi yang adekuat, resusitasi cairan serta manitol diberikan untuk mengendalikan kenaikan tekanan intrakranial. Operasi dilakukan dengan anestesi umum, menggunakan ETT No 7,5, ventilasi kendali. Dekompresi lambung dengan NGT no 16. Premedikasi dengan midazolam 2 mg. Co induksi menggunakan fentanyl 100 μg, induksi dengan propofol 100 mg. Lidocain 1,5 mg /KgBB diberikan 3 menit sebelum intubasi. Fasilitas intubasi dengan vekuronium 0,1 mg / KgBB. Pemeliharaan anestesi dengan O2 + N2O + Sevofluran. Propofol diberikan kontinyu 4-6 mg/kgBB/jam, vekuronium 6mg /jam. Operasi berlangsung selama 3 jam, evakuasi clot di regio frontotemporoparietal kanan, setelah dilakukan evakuasi clot, terjadi reperfusi ke daerah yang tadinya terdapat clot, sehingga terjadi pembengkakan otak (bulging) yang tidak dapat dikendalikan dengan hiperventilasi, manitol maupun pemberian furosemid. Diputuskan untuk melakukan dekompresi kraniektomi. Selama operasi hemodinamik relatif stabil, tekanan darah sistolik berkisar 100-130 mmHg, tekanan darah diastolik 60-90mmHg, laju nadi (HR) 87-110 x/mnt, SaO2 99-100 %, etCO2 25-30. Pascabedah pasien di rawat di ICU, ventilasi kontrol dengan ventilator, sedasi penuh. Sembilan hari kemudian pasien meninggal. Disfungsi neurologis dan kematian pada cedera otak traumatik (TBI) berhubungan dengan (a) cedera otak itu sendiri, (b) koma yang berkepanjangan dan komplikasinya, (c) infeksi karena luka terbuka atau patah tulang dasar tengkorak, (d) hidrocephalus karena SAH, dan (e) peningkatan TIK. Tekanan intrakranial yang sangat tinggi (TIK) dapat menyebabkan terjadinya herniasi serebri yang dapat berakibat fatal bahkan kematian.
Management of Severe Cerebral Edema and Cerebral Herniation in Traumatic Brain Injury
Traumatic brain injury is one of life-threatening condition to victims of serious accidents, and is the leading cause of disability and death in adults and children. Subdural hematoma is a focal intracranial lesions are most common, about 24% of patients with severe closed head injury. Oedema cerebral commonly encountered in clinical practice and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients and neurosurgical patients experiencing acute brain injury. Cerebral herniation is a state of emergency, where the therapeutic goal is to save patients' lives. Prognosis greatly depends on where the herniation occurs. Deaths would occur if the herniation is not addressed. A 27 years old woman with a subdural hematoma frontotemporoparietal D, severe edema cerebral and cerebral herniation, with a history of unconscious after falling from the motor due to being hit. Plans for craniotomi clot evacuation and decompression. When the patient arrived, the assessment is being established, immediate intubation for airway control and provide adequate oxygenation, fluid resuscitation and mannitol administered to control the rise in intracranial pressure. Operations performed in general anesthesia, using ETT No 7,5, controlled ventilation. Stomach decompression with NGT No.16. Premedication with midazolam 2 mg. Co induction using fentanyl 100 mg, induction with propofol 100 mg. Lidocain 1.5 mg / kg administered 3 minutes before intubation. Vekuronium 0.1 mg / kg for intubation fascilitation. Maintenance of anesthesia with O2 + N2O + sevoflurane. Given a continuous propofol 4-6 mg / kg / hour, vekuronium 6mg / hour. The operation lasted for 3 hours, clot evacuation in the region frontotemporoparietal right, after the evacuation of clot, occurs reperfusion to the area that had contained clot, resulting in swelling of the brain (bulging) that can not be controlled by hyperventilation, mannitol and furosemide administration. It was decided to perform craniectomy decompression. The hemodynamics relatively stable during the operation, systolic blood pressure range 100-130 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure 60-90mmHg, pulse rate (HR) 87-110 x / mnt, SaO2 99-100%, 25-30 EtCO2. Postoperative care of patients in the ICU, with ventilator control ventilation, full sedation. Nine days later the patient died. Neurological dysfunction and mortality in traumatic brain injury (TBI) are associated with (a) injury to the brain itself, (b) a prolonged coma and its complications, (c) infection of open wounds or fractures of the skull base, (d) hidrocephalus because of SAH, and (e) an increase in ICP. Very high intracranial pressure (ICP) can lead to cerebral herniation which can be fatal even death
Keywords
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.24244/jni.vol1i2.93
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