Strategi untuk Mencegah Aspirasi Isi Lambung pada Operasi Cedera Otak Otak Traumatika Emergensi

Dewi Yulianti Bisri, Tatang Bisri

Abstract


Pengelolaan pasien emergensi memiliki tantangan tersendiri bagi anestesiologis. Resiko terjadinya aspirasi isi lambung sangat besar pada pasien emergensi. Angka kejadian aspirasi isi lambung pada pasien emergensi berkisar antara 0,7-4% yang dapat berakibat kematian. Disfungsi gastrointestinal sering terjadi pada pasien dengan cedera otak traumatika. Lebih dari 50% pasien dengan cedera kepala berat tidak mentoleransi enteral feeding. Intoleransi ini manifest dengan adanya muntah, distensi abdominal, pelambatan pengosongan lambung, refluks oesofageal dan penurunan peristaltik intestinal, yang menunjukkan bahwa disfungsi gastrointestinal adalah fenomena yang umum setelah cedera otak traumatika. Puasa merupakan pencegahan yang efektif untuk mengurangi terjadinya resiko aspirasi isi lambung, namun pada kasus emergensi sulit untuk dilaksanakan. Berbagai upaya yang dapat dilakukan pada pasien emergensi untuk mengurangi angka kejadian aspirasi adalah: a) pemberian obat-obatan tertentu sebelum dilakukannya anestesi: histamine 2-reseptor antagonis (ranitidine, cimetidine), proton pump inhibitor (omeprazole), antacid (sodium citrate, magnesium trisilicate) dan antiemetic (ondansentrone), b) posisi kepala yang lebih tinggi dari tubuh 30-45o, c) rapid sequence induction dengan sellick maneuver, d) pemasangan pipa naso atau orogastric dan aspirasi isi lambung. Rapid sequence induction tidak memberi kesempatan untuk mencegah kenaikan tekanan darah saat laringoskopi dan intubasi, padahal untuk pasien dengan kelainan serebral termasuk cedera otak traumatika, harus dihindari lonjakan tekanan darah yang akan meningkatkan tekanan intrakranial. Aspirasi isi lambung merupakan komplikasi anestesi yang mungkin terjadi pada periode perioperatif khususnya pada pasien emergensi. Pengelolaan yang adekuat mampu untuk mengurangi terjadinya resiko aspirasi.


Strategy to Prevent Gastric Content Aspiration in Emergency Traumatic Brain Injury Surgery

Management of an emergency patients has a particular challenge for an anesthesiologist. The risk of pulmonary aspiration from gastric content is very high in emergency cases. The incidence of gastric aspiration in emergency cases is approximately 0.7-4% which could lead to death. Gastrointestinal dysfunction frequently occurs in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). More than 50% patients with severe head injuries could not tolerate enteral feedings. This intolerance is manifested by vomiting, abdominal distention, delayed gastric emptying, esophageal reflux and decreased intestinal peristalsis, indicating that gastrointestinal dysfunction is a common phenomenon following TBI. Fasting is an effective manouver to reduce the incidence of gastric aspiration, but in emergency cases is rather difficult to establish that manouver. Several manouvers to reduce aspiration incidence are: a) to administer drugs prior to induction: histamine 2-reseptor antagonist (ranitidine, cimetidine), proton pump inhibitor (omeprazole), antacid (sodium citrate, magnesium trisilicate) and antiemetic (ondansentrone), b) head up position of 30-45o, c) rapid sequence induction with sellick manouver, d) insert naso or orogastric tube and aspirate gastric content. By using rapid sequence induction there would be not enough time to avoid the increase in blood pressure during laryngoscopy-intubation, whereas for patient with cerebral disorder including traumatic brain injury, increased blood pressure should be avoided because this will lead to increase intracranial pressure. Gastric content aspiration is one of anesthesia complication during perioperative periode especially in emergency cases. Adequate managment can reduce the incidency of aspiration.

 


Keywords


anestesia; aspirasi isi lambung; cedera otak traumatika; operasi emergensi; anesthesia; emergency surgery; gastric content aspiration; traumatic brain injury

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.24244/jni.vol1i1.82

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