Manajemen Perioperatif Epidural Hemorrhage Akibat Cedera Otak Traumatik
Abstract
Epidural hemorrhage (EDH) adalah perdarahan yang terjadi pada ruang epidural, biasanya terjadi pada fossa kranii media karena adanya laserasi arteri meningea media, walaupun bisa juga terjadi pada fossa anterior ataupun posterior. Bentuknya biasanya lentikuler dan dibatasi oleh garis sutura di mana lapisan perikranial dura melekat ke kranium. Secara klasik, pasien EDH memiliki lucid interval, yakni periode adanya kesadaran yang jernih sebelum terjadinya penurunan kesadaran. Gejala klinis sebagai akibat dari hematoma intrakranial seperti EDH, terutama tergantung pada besarnya volume dan kecepatan hematoma ini terbentuk. Bila hematoma terbentuk dengan cepat, terjadi peningkatan tekanan intrakranial (TIK) yang akan menimbulkan perburukan neurologis sampai dapat mengancam kehidupan. Pengelolaan perioperatif pasien dengan cedera otak traumatik yang mengalami EDH bertujuan mempertahankan perfusi dan oksigenasi otak, mengendalikan TIK serta dekompresi dan evakuasi perdarahan dengan pembedahan pada sebagian kasus. Kami membahas manajemen perioperatif pada 2 orang pasien, seorang anak dan seorang remaja yang mengalami EDH karena cedera otak traumatik yang menjalani kraniotomi emergensi untuk evakuasi perdarahannya. EDH sangat penting untuk cepat didiagnosa, karena bila terdeteksi segera dan dilakukan evakuasi perdarahan, biasanya hasilnya baik dengan mortalitas kurang dari 10%. Evakuasi dan kontrol perdarahan segera sangat penting untuk keselamatan pasien dan menghindari cedera neurologis yang permanen.
Perioperative Management of Epidural Hemorrhage Due to Traumatic Brain Injury
Epidural hemorrhages (EDH) are bleeding in epidural space, usually occur in the middle cranial fossa via laceration of the middle meningeal artery, although they can also occur in the anterior and osterior fossae. They are usually lenticular shaped and are bounded by suture lines where the pericranial ayer of dura attaches to the skull. Classically patients suffered from EDH experience a lucid interval which is a period of intact consciousness prior to deterioration.Clinical symptom of intracranial hematoma such as EDH, mainly depend on volume and rate the hematoma formed. If the intracranial hematoma formed rapidly, there will be a sudden rise on ICP which led to neurologic deterioration that could be deleterious. Perioperative management of intracranial hematoma such as EDH is to maintain brain perfusion and oxygenation, control the ICP, and surgical decompression in some cases. We are scussing perioperative management of two cases suffered from EDH due to traumatic brain injury who underwent emergency craniotomy for clott evacuation.These are important injuries to identify;if detected early they are usually associated with good outcome and have a mortality of less than 10%. Early bleeding control and hematoma evacuation are very important to patient safety and avoid any permanent neurologic injury.
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.24244/jni.vol1i1.79
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