Manajemen Cairan dan Elektrolit pada Pasien Cedera Kepala

Bau Indah Aulyan Syah, Syafruddin Gaus, Sri Rahardjo

Abstract


Manajemen pasien cedera kepala harus selalu difokuskan pada penatalaksanaan cedera primer dan cedera sekunder. Pemeliharaan perfusi serebral dan pencegahan hipertensi intrakranial yang mencakup pemeliharaan osmolalitas merupakan bagian penting dalam tatalaksana cairan dan elektrolit pasien cedera kepala, terutama bila diduga sawar darah otak tidak intak. Pemberian dan jenis cairan harus mempertimbangkan ketidakmampuan otak pasien dalam mengatasi perubahan volume dan osmolalitas seluler dan peningkatan konsumsi oksigen serebral. Target tekanan perfusi serebral antara 50–70 mmHg. Pemilihan jenis cairan pada cedera kepala masih kontroversi, karena baik koloid maupun kristaloid dianggap memiliki efek samping yang sama beratnya terhadap otak yang cedera. Dari penelitian SAFE (Saline and Albumin Fluid Evaluation) ditemukan luaran mortalitas-28 hari yang lebih tinggi pada pasien yang menerima koloid (albumin 4%) dibanding yang menerima kristaloid (salin isotonik). Sifat hipotonis albuminlah (osmolalitas 260 mOsml/kg) yang membahayakan pasien cedera kepala, bukan karena sifat koloidnya. Rekomendasi terkini menganjurkan penggunaan larutan isotonik seperti NaCl 0,9%. Penanganan hipertensi intrakranial pada cedera kepala juga sering melibatkan terapi hiperosmolar, dan yang paling dominan adalah mannitol yang dianjurkan hanya untuk jangka pendek dan pada sawar darah otak yang intak, serta dalam cakupan osmolaritas darah 300–310 mOsm/l. Selain mannitol, salin hipertonik dapat menjadi alternatif, namun harus dihindari bila kadar natrium serum lebih dari 160 mmol/L.

Fluid and Electrolyte Management in Head Injury Patient

Treatment for head trauma patients should always be focused on the management of the primary and secondary trauma. Maintaining cerebral perfusion and preventing intracranial hypertension, which include maintaining cerebral osmolality, is part of the crucial fluid and electrolyte management for patients with head injury, particularly when the blood brain barrier is assumed to be no longer intact. Fluid administration and the type of the fluids given should carefully account the patient brain capability to adjust to volume change and cellular osmolality, and to an increase in cerebral oxygen consumtion. Target of cerebral perfusion pressure in the range of 50-70 mmHg. The preference fluid for patients with head injury remains controversial, because either colloid or crystalloid fluids are both believed to be equally detrimental in side effects. However, SAFE (Saline and Albumin Fluid Evaluation) research revealed 28 days mortality outcome higher among patients receiving colloid (4% albumin) compared to those receiving crystalloid (Isotonic saline). It was the hypotonisity of the albumin (osmolality 260 mOsml/kg) that was harmful in nature for the patients brain, instead of its colloid characteristics. Recent updates recommend using isotonic solution such NaCl 0.9%. Intracranial hypertension management in head injury cases is frequently combined with hyperosmolar therapy, which dominantly using mannitol which is recommended limited to certain circumstances: short period of administration, intact condition of blood brain barrier, and with osmolarity coverage in range of 300-310 mOsml/L. As alternative, hypertonic saline can also be used, hence should be avoided when sodium serum concentration is higher than 160 mmol/L.


Keywords


Cairan dan elektrolit; resusitasi cairan; osmolalitas; terapi hiperosmolar; Fluids and electrolytes; fluid rescucitation; osmolality; hyperosmolar therapy 

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.24244/jni.vol5i3.74

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