Penatalaksanaan Anestesi pada Operasi Epilepsi
Abstract
Kejang adalah perubahan fungsi otak secara mendadak dan sementara akibat aktifitas nueron yang abnormal sehingga terjadi pelepasan listrik serebral yang berlebihan. Aktivitas ini dapat bersifat parsial atau general, berasal dari daerah spesifik korteks serebri atau melibatkan kedua hemisfer otak. Kejang disebabkan oleh banyak faktor, yaitu penyakit serebrovaskuler (stroke iskemik, stroke hemoragik), gangguan neurodegeneratif, tumor, trauma kepala, gangguan metabolik, infeksi susunan saraf pusat (SSP) seperti ensefalitis, meningitis. Penyebab lain adalah gangguan tidur, stimulasi sensori atau emosi, perubahan hormon, kehamilan, penggunaan obat-obatan yang menginduksi kejang (teofilin dosis tinggi, fenotiazin dosis tinggi), antidepresan (maprotilin atau bupropion), kebiasaan minum alkohol. Berdasarkan International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) dan International Bureau for Epilepsy (IBE) pada tahun 1981, epilepsi adalah suatu kelainan otak yang ditandai adanya faktor predisposisi yang dapat mencetuskan bangkitan epileptik, perubahan neurologis, kognitif, psikologis dan adanya konsekuensi sosial yang diakibatkannya. Diagnosa epilepsi ditegakkan melalui anamnesa, pemeriksaan fisik dan electroencephalography (EEG). Umumnya, epilepsi diterapi dengan obat antiepilepsi atau anti konvulsan. Apabila kejang tidak teratasi dengan obat oral, dapat dilakukan terapi invasif atau pembedahan, berupa non brain epilepsy surgery atau brain epilepsy surgery. Di Inggris, diperkirakan 0,5–2% total penduduk, menderita epilepsi, dimana 13% memerlukan terapi invasif atau pembedahan. Studi retrospektif, membuktikan, pengobatan invasif atau pembedahan pada epilepsi yang tidak respons terhadap obat oral, telah berhasil mengurangi serangan kejang. Penatalaksanaan anestesi pada epilepsi merupakan tantangan tersendiri bagi dokter anestesi. Diperlukan pemilihan gas, anestetika intravena dan teknik anestesi yang tidak memicu serangan kejang selama operasi. Interaksi dan efek samping obat anti epilepsi harus diperhitungkan saat anestesi.
Anesthesia Management on Epilepsy Surgey
Seizures are sudden changes in brain function and activity of abnormal neuron activity causing cerebral excessive electrical discharges. May be partial or general, comes from a spesific region of the cerebral cortex or both hemispheres. Caused by cerebrovascular disease (ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke), neurodegenerative disorders, tumors, head trauma, metabolic disorder, central nervous system infection (encephalitis, meningitis). Another factor are sleep disorder, sensory of emotional stimulation, hormonal changes, pregnancy, use of drugs induce seizures (theophyline high-dose, phenothiazine high-dose), antidepresants (maprotilin or bupropion), drinking alkohol.
International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) and the International Bureau for Epilepsy (IBE) in 1981, epilepsy is a brain disorder that can trigger epileptic seizures, neurological changes, cognitive, psychological and social consequences resulting. Diagnose is anamnesa, physical examnination and electroencephalography. Treated with antiepileptic drugs or anticonvulsant. If the seizures are not resolved, can be invasive or surgical therapy (non brain epilepsy surgery or brain surgery). In UK, 0,5 - 2% suffer from epilesy, 13% require surgical therapy. A retrospective study, prove that invasive treatment has succeeded. Management of anesthesia is a challenge for anesthesiology. Election necessary gas, intravenous and anesthesia techniques that do not trigger a seizure. Interaction and side effects of anti epileptic drugs should be calculated.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Kofke WA, Tempelhoff R, Dasheiff RM. Anesthesia for epileptic patients and for epilepsy surgery. Dalam: Cottrell JE, Smith DS. Anesthesia and Neurosurgery, 4th.ed, St. Louis, Missouri, USA : Mosby; 2001, 473-90
Schubert A, Lotto M. Awake craniotomy, epilepsy, minimal invasive, and robotic surgery. Dalam: Cotrell JE, Young WL. Cottrell and Young’s: Neuroanesthesia, 5th.ed, Philadelphia : Mosby; 2001, 296-316
Nguyen DH, Mbacfou MT. Prevalence of nonlesional focal epilepsy in an adult epilepsy clinic. Can. J. Neourol.Sci. 2014; 40: 198–202
Bjellvi J, Flink R. Complications of epilepsy surgery in Sweden 1996–201 : a prospective, population-based study. Journal of Neurosurgery. 2015; 122: 519–525
Sastri BVS, Sinha AS. Clinico-pathological factors influencing surgical outcome in drug resistant epilepsy secondary to mesial temporal sclerosis. J. Neurol. Sci. 2014; 340: 183–90
Elliot RE, Bolio RJ. Anterior temporal lobectomy with amygdalohippocampectomy for mesial temporal scleroris: predictor of long-term seizure control. Journal of Neurosurgery. 2013; 119: 261–72
Friedman D, Devinsky O. Cannabinoids in the treatment of epilepsy. N. Engl. J. Med. 2015; 373: 1048–58
Egley CE, Famulari M, Annegers JF, et al. The Cost of epilepsy in the United State: an estimate from population-based clinical and survey data. Epilepsia Journal, 2000; 41: 342–51
Devinsky O. Current concepts: Sudeen, unexpected death in epilepsy. N. Engl. J. Med. 2011; 365: 1801–11
Rhio JM. Inhibition of lactate dehydrogenase to treat epilepsy. N. Engl. J. Med. 2015; 373: 187–9
Cash SS, Karvie MD. Case 34-2011 : A 75 year old man with memory loss and partial seizures. N. Engl. J. Med. 2011; 365: 1825–33
Kwan PS, Brodie MJ. Current concepts: drug resistant epilepsy. N. Engl. J. Med. 2011; 365: 919–26
Sander JW. The epidemiology of epilepsy revisited. Neurosurgery Journal. April 2003; 16: 165–70
George MS, Sackeim HA. Vagus nerve stimulation: a new tool for brain research and therapy. Elseiver Journal. 2000; 47: 287–95
Kwan P, Brodie MJ. Early identification of refractory epilepsy. N. Engl. J. M. 2000; 342: 314–9
Kwan P, Brodie MJ. Refractory epilepsy: a progressive, intractable but preventable condition? Elseiver Journal. 2002; 11: 77–84
Benabid AL, Minotti L, Koudsie A. Antiepileptic effect of high-frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (corpus Luysi) in a case of medically intractable epilepsy caused by focal dysplasia: A 30-month follow-up: Technical case report. Neurosurgery Journal, June 2002; 50(6): 1385–92
Bisri T. Anestesi pada pasien dengan cedera kepala akut. Dalam: Penangganan Neuroanestesia dan Critical Care Cedera Otak Traumatik. Edisi 1, Bandung, Indonesia: Saga Olahcitra; 2012; 83–122
Bisri T. Dasar-dasar neuroanestesi. Edisi 2, Bandung, Indonesia : Saga Olahcitra; 2011; 21–44
Saleh, SC. Neurofarmakologi. Dalam: Sinopsis Neuroanestesi Klinik. Edisi 2, Surabaya, Indonesia : Zifatama; 2013; 19–38.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24244/jni.vol5i2.64
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
JNI is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License