Pengelolaan Nyeri Pascakraniotomi

S Suwarman, Tatang Bisri

Abstract


Penanganan nyeri pascakraniotomi sampai saat ini masih belum begitu diperhatikan dan sering ditangani dengan kurang adekwat. Nyeri pascakraniotomi seringkali diabaikan karena adanya anggapan bahwa pasien pascakraniotomi tidak mengalami nyeri berat. Anggapan ini perlahan-lahan berubah dengan meningkatnya kesadaran tentang nyeri akut pascakraniotomi. Terdapat berbagai teknik yang dilakukan untuk menangani nyeri ini, dimana setiap teknik memiliki kelebihan dan kekurangan masing-masing. Namun, tidak ada satu pun modalitas yang dinyatakan sebagai yang terbaik dan dapat berlaku secara universal. Belum ada konsensus mengenai standar penanganan nyeri pada pasien ini. Masih terdapat berbagai ketidaksesuaian pendapat mengenai mana regimen terapi yang tepat untuk mengobati nyeri pasca kraniotomi. Pada dekade terakhir, meningkatnya kesadaran serta semakin canggihnya penatalaksanaan nyeri menyebabkan dilakukannya berbagai teknik untuk mencapai analgesia yang adekwat pada kelompok pasien ini. Hal ini menyebabkan meningkatnya jumlah serta kualitas penelitian mengenai nyeri pascakraniotomi. Ulasan ini bertujuan untuk memberikan informasi mengenai patofisiologi, karakteristik, dan berbagai teknik yang dilakukan untuk penanganan nyeri akut pascakraniotomi. Nyeri kronis pasca kraniotomi yang merupakan gejala sisa yang sangat mengganggu juga dibahas secara singkat.

Postcraniotomy Pain Management

Until recently, perioperative pain management in neurosurgical patients has been inconsistently recognized and inadequately treated. Pain following craniotomy has frequently been neglected because of the notion that postcraniotomy patients do not experience severe pain. However a gradual change in this outlook is observed because of awareness and understanding toward acute postcraniotomy pain. There are various technique exist for treating this variety of pain each with its own share of advantages and disadvantages. However, individually none of these modalities has been proclaimed as the best and applicable universally. There is no consensus regarding the standardization of pain control in this patient population. A considerable amount of dispute remains to ascertain the appropriate therapeutic regimen for treating postcraniotomy pain. In the last decade, improved awareness and advances in the practice of pain management have resulted in the implementation of diverse techniques to achieve adequate analgesia in this group of patients. This has led to an increased number and quality of studies about postcraniotomy pain. This article provides information about the pathophisiology, characteristic, and also various techniques and approaches for postcraniotomy pain management. Chronic postcraniotomy pain which can be debilitating sequelae is also discussed concisely.


Keywords


Nyeri; pascakraniotomi; analgesia; pain; post craniotomy; analgesia

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References


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DOI: https://doi.org/10.24244/jni.vol5i1.62

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