Managemen Anestesi untuk Seksio Sesarea dengan Strok Maternal Hemoragik
Abstract
Strok adalah penyebab utama ketiga morbiditas dan mortalitas di banyak negara maju. Penyakit serebrovaskular selama kehamilan dapat diakibatkan oleh tiga mekanisme utama—perdarahan, infark arteri, dan trombosis vena. Strok maternal bisa berupa iskemik atau hemoragik. Strok iskemik merupakan stroke yang umum terjadi disebabkan oleh hilangnya pasokan darah ke area otak. Strok hemoragik disebabkan oleh pendarahan ke otak akibat pecahnya pembuluh darah. Seksio sesarea atau intervensi bedah saraf yang harus diprioritaskan atau dilakukan secara bersamaan adalah masalah penting, sama seperti keputusan untuk menggunakan anestesi umum atau spinal dan epidural ketika akan dilakukan seksio sesarea. Teknik anestesi yang digunakan harus dibuat dengan mempertimbangkan risiko ibu secara keseluruhan. Hiperventilasi untuk mengurangi tekanan intrakranial (ICP) harus dijaga dalam kisaran 25–30 mmHg karena kisaran normal PaCO2 selama kehamilan menurun menjadi 30-32 mmHg akibat peningkatan ventilasi dan progesteron. Selain itu, anestesi dalam yang berlebihan harus dihindari untuk mencegah ketidakstabilan hemodinamik. Penggunaan manitol untuk mengendalikan ICP, mempunyai risiko dehidrasi janin; sementara laporan lain menunjukkan bahwa 0,2 hingga 0,5mg/kg manitol tidak berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap keseimbangan cairan janin. Pertimbangan khusus diperlukan untuk wanita dengan preeklampsia. Anestesi umum untuk seksio sesarea dikaitkan dengan peningkatan risiko strok jika dibandingkan dengan anestesi neuraksial pada wanita preeklamptik. Terlepas dari status preeklamptik ibu, pemeliharaan oksigenasi yang memadai dan stabilitas hemodinamik penting untuk keselamatan ibu dan janin.
Anesthesia Management for Cesarean Section with Maternal Hemorrhagic Stroke
Abstract
Stroke is the third leading cause of morbidity and mortality in many developed countries. Cerebrovascular disease during pregnancy can result from three main mechanisms—bleeding, arterial infarction, and venous thrombosis. Maternal stroke can be either ischemic or hemorrhagic. Ischemic stroke is a common stroke caused by loss of blood supply to an area of the brain. Hemorrhagic stroke is caused by bleeding into the brain due to rupture of a blood vessel. Cesarean section or neurosurgical intervention should be prioritized or performed simultaneously is an important issue, as is the decision to use general anesthesia or spinal and epidural when a cesarean section is performed. The anesthesia technique used should be made taking into account the overall maternal risk. Hyperventilation to reduce intracranial pressure (ICP) should be kept in the range of 25-30 mmHg because the normal range of PaCO2 during pregnancy decreases to 30-32 mmHg due to increased ventilation and progesterone. The use of mannitol to control ICP, there are associated risks of fetal dehydration; While other reports show that 0.2 to 0.5mg/kg of mannitol has no significant effect on fetal fluid balance. Special consideration is needed for women with preeclampsia. General anesthesia for cesarean section is associated with an increased risk of stroke when compared to neuraxial anesthesia in preeclampsic women. Regardless of maternal preeclampic status, maintenance of adequate oxygenation and hemodynamic stability is important for maternal and fetal safety.
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.24244/jni.v12i2.547
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