Penanganan Trigeminocardiac Reflex (TCR) selama Anestesi untuk Bedah Saraf

Dewi Yulianti Bisri

Abstract


Trigeminocardiac reflex (TCR) adalah suatu reflex batang otak unik yang manifest sebagai pertubasi cardio-respiratori negatif. Trigeminocardiac reflex didefinisikan sebagai kejadian tiba-tiba dari disritmia parasimpatetik, hipotensi simpatetik, apnea, atau hipermotilitas gastrik selama stimulasi cabang sensoris dari saraf trigeminal. Secara klinis, TCR telah dilaporkan terjadi pada semua prosedur bedah yang dipersarafi oleh saraf trigeminal. Refleks ini telah dilaporkan terjadi pada operasi skull base (dasar tengkorak), akan tetapi, baru-baru ini, juga berhubungan dengan banyak operasi bedah saraf yang lain, prosedur neurointervensional, juga pada operasi bukan bedah saraf dan pada keadaan tidak dioperasi. Refleks ini menunjukkan perubahan kardiovaskular yang menimbulkan komplikasi katastropik, memperburuk outcome, juga merupakan dilema dalam menegakkan diagnosis. Walaupun terdapat banyak literatur dengan laporan insidensi dan faktor risiko dari TCR, signifikansi fisiologis an fungsi belum sepenuhnya dapat dijelaskan. Sebagai tambahan, ada hal yang kompleks dalam TCR yang memerlukan pengkajian dan klarifikasi. Bila terjadi TCR dapat dilakukan terapi dengan identifikasi dan modifikasi faktor risiko, penilaian kedalaman anestesi, pengobatan profilaksis dengan agen vagolitik atau blok saraf perifer jika terjadi manipulasi saraf perifer, pemantauan kardiovaskular yang cermat selama anestesi, terutama pada mereka yang memiliki faktor risiko TCR, penghentian manipulasi, dan pemberian agen vagolitik dan adrenalin. Karena itu, pada tulisan ini akan disampaikan tentang mekanisme, definisi, patofisiologi, manifestasi, diagnosis dan tatalaksananya.

 

Trigeminocardiac Reflex (TCR) Management during Anesthesia for Neurosurgery

Abstract

Trigeminocardiac reflex (TCR) is a unique brain stem reflex that manifests as negative cardio-respiratory perturbations. The trigeminocardiac reflex (TCR) is defined as the sudden onset of parasympathetic dysrhythmia, sympathetic hypotension, apnea, or gastric hypermotility during stimulation of any of the sensory branches of the trigeminal nerve. Clinically, the TCR has been reported in all the surgical procedures in which a structure innervated by the trigeminal nerve is involved. This reflex is largely reported in skull base surgeries/interventions; however, in recent times, it has been also linked with many neurosurgical, neurointerventional procedures, non-neurosurgical and non-surgical conditions. This reflex presents with many cardiovascular changes that can create catastrophic complications, worse outcome as well as diagnostic dilemmas. Although, there is an abundant literature with reports of incidences and risk factors of the TCR; the physiological significance and function of this brainstem reflex has not yet been fully elucidated. In addition, there are complexities within the TCR that requires examination and clarification. If a CTR occurs, it can risk factor identification and modification, depth of anesthesia assessment, prophylactic treatment with either vagolytic agents or peripheral nerve block in case of peripheral manipulations of the nerve, careful cardiovascular monitoring during anesthesia, especially in those with a risk factor for TCR, treatment of the condition when it occurs: cessation of the manipulation, and administration of vagolytic agents and adrenaline. Therefore, this narrative review intends to elaborate on its mechanisms, definition, pathophysiology, manifestations, diagnosis and management.


Keywords


Trigeminocardiac reflex, simpatetik-parasimpatetik, bedah saraf, vagolitik

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References


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DOI: https://doi.org/10.24244/jni.v10i3.413

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