Statin sebagai Protektor Otak pada Cedera Otak Traumatik

Kenanga Marwan, Cindy Elfira Boom, Rovina Ruslami

Abstract


Cedera otak traumatik (COT) masih menjadi masalah morbiditas dan mortalitas utama di dunia. Cedera otak traumatik dengan cepat mencetuskan cedera sekunder yang yang dapat memperburuk outcome. Proteksi otak bertujuan untuk mencegah cedera otak sekunder dengan cara melakukan metode dasar, hipotermi, neurofarmakologi dan kombinasi hipotermi dan farmakologik. Metode dasar pada proteksi otak adalah dengan cara menjaga jalan napas bebas sepanjang waktu, oksigenasi yang adekuat, mencegah hipokarbia, pengendalian tekanan darah, pengendalian tekanan intrakranial, pengendalian tekanan perfusi otak, dan pengendalian kejang. Neurofarmakologi pada proteksi otak yaitu dengan menggunakan obat yang memiliki efek proteksi otak. Statin, suatu inhibitor 3-hydroxy-3-methyglutaryl coenzym-A (HMG CoA) reduktase telah dikenal sebagai obat penurun lemak darah. Statin memiliki efek pleiotropik yang bersifat kolesterol-independen dengan efek yang potensial dalam tatalaksana gangguan neurologis. Efek ini berupa kemampuan menurunkan hemostasis dengan cara mengurangi efek trombosis dan kaskade koagulasi, meningkatkan fibrinolisis dan kaskade antikoagulasi, memperbaiki fungsi endotel, mempercepat bioaviabiltas nitrat oksida, antioksidan, aktifitas imunomodulasi dan antiinflamasi, serta menstabilkan plak aterosklerosis. Pada kasus COT, statin menurunkan trombosis intravaskuler dan menurunkan mediator inflamasi seperti TNFα, IL-6 dan IL-1β. Hal ini membuat statin menjadi kandidat yang ideal untuk penanganan cedera otak akut.

Statin As Brain Protector In Traumatic Brain Injury

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) still represents the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the world. Traumatic brain injury could rapidly develop secondary brain injury after trauma that can make worst the outcome. Brain protection procedures to prevent secondary brain injury are basic method, hypothermia, neuropharmacology, and combination of both hypothermia and neuropharmacology. Basic method such as patency airway, adequate oxygenation, blood pressure control, intracranial pressure monitoring, maintain cerebral perfusion pressure and prevent of seizure. Neuropharmacology is one technique to do brain protection by using drugs with neuro-protection effect. Statin, 3-hydroxy-3-methyglutaryl coenzym-A (HMG CoA) reductase inhibitor is hypolipidemik drug which has pleiotropic effect in cholesterol-independen manner and suggest potential effect in neurologic disorder such as decreased hemostatic and decreased thrombotic effect and cascade coagulation, increased fibrinolytic and anticoagulation cascade, improve endothelial function, increase nitric oxide bioaviability, antioxidan, immunomodulation and anti-inflammatory activity and stabilize plaque atheroslerotic. In TBI, statin reduce intravascular thrombocytosis and decreased inflammatory mediator like TNF α, IL-6 dan IL-1β. These makes statin becomes ideal candidate for management acute brain injury.

 


Keywords


cedera otak traumatik; statin; efek pleiotropik; anti trombosis; antiinflamasi; traumatic brain injury; statin; pleiotropik effect; antithrombocyt; antiinflammatory

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.24244/jni.vol6i1.39

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