Peranan Hiperventilasi terhadap Penurunan Tekanan Intrakranial dalam Kasus Bedah Saraf

Irwan Wibowo, M Sofyan Harahap

Abstract


Abstrak

Hiperventilasi telah ditemukan sebagai salah satu cara untuk menurunkan aliran darah otak (cerebral blood flow) (CBF) sejak tahun 1920-an. Pada saat itu telah dilaporkan bahwa penggunaan hiperventilasi dapat mengurangi peningkatan tekanan intrakranial (intracranial pressure/ICP) dengan vasokonstriksi serebral sehingga mampu menurunkan volume darah di daerah serebral. Secara teoritis, manfaat hiperventilasi mungkin lebih khusus diharapkan pada pasien di mana peningkatan ICP terjadi terutama karena peningkatan volume darah otak akibat mekanisme vasodilatasi. Efek vasokonstriksi tersebut akan menghilang setelah pH pada ruang perivaskular kembali normal setelah 24 jam. Yang menjadi perhatian utama dalam metode ini adalah tindakan tersebut mampu menginduksi terjadinya iskemia serebral baik secara regional maupun global. Risiko kerusakan iskemik tersebut bergantung pada sejauh mana dan seberapa lama otak mengalami aliran darah yang rendah. Masih terdapat data yang kontroversial antara yang mendukung ataupun menentang penggunaan terapi hiperventilasi, namun menurut penelitian yang telah dilakukan, tindakan ini mampu menurunkan ICP jika dilakukan dalam jangka pendek. Pemantauan multimodalitas terhadap pasien tetap diperlukan untuk memantau keberhasilan dalam tindakan ini.

 

Hyperventilation Management for Decrease Intracranial Pressure in Neurosurgery Cases

Abstract

Hyperventilation has been found as a way to reduce cerebral blood flow (CBF) since 1920s. At that time it was reported that the use of hyperventilation can reduce the increase in intracranial pressure (ICP) by causing cerebral vasoconstriction and decreasing cerebral blood volume. Theoretically, the benefits of hyperventilation may be more specifically expected in patients which has increasing ICP because of an increasing in blood volume and vasodilation mechanism. The vasoconstriction effect disappears after the pH in the perivascular space returns to normal after 24 hours. The main concern in treating patients with increased ICP using hyperventilation is to induce cerebral ischemia both regionally and globally. As with a stroke, the risk of ischemic damage depends on the extent and how long the brain experiences low blood flow. Controversial data still exists between those that support or oppose the use of hyperventilation therapy, but if hypocapnia monitoring is done to control the increase in ICP in the short term, hyperventilation therapy remains beneficial. Multimodality monitoring is needed so that hyperventilation therapy can be used safely in certain patients who may need this therapy.

 


Keywords


Hiperventilasi; tekanan intrakranial; bedah saraf; Hyperventilation; intracranial pressure; neurosurgery

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References


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DOI: https://doi.org/10.24244/jni.v9i1.258

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