Hipotermia untuk Proteksi Otak

Dewi Yulianti Bisri, Bambang J. Oetoro, M. Sofyan Harahap, Siti Chasnak Saleh

Abstract


Proteksi otak adalah serangkaian tindakan yang dilakukan untuk mencegah atau mengurangi kerusakan sel-sel otak yang diakibatkan oleh keadaan iskemi. Iskemia adalah gangguan hemodinamik yang akan menyebabkan penurunan aliran darah otak sampai suatu tingkat yang akan menyebabkan kerusakan otak yang ireversibel. Iskemi serebral dan atau hipoksia dapat terjadi sebagai konsekuensi dari syok, stenosis atau oklusi pembuluh darah, vasospasme, neurotrauma, dan henti jantung. Hipotermia dibagi menjadi hipotermia ringan (33-36OC), hipotermia sedang (28-32OC), hipotermia dalam (11-20OC), profound (6-10OC), dan ultraprofound (<5OC).Teknik hipotermia di bagi kedalam 3 fase yaitu: fase induksi, fase rumatan dan fase rewarming. Teknik hipotermia yang dianjurkan adalah hipotermia ringan hingga sedang dan penggunaannya segera setelah cedera otak traumatika dan tidak lebih dari 72 jam. Hipotermia dapat mempengaruhi sistem kardiovaskuler, sistem respirasi, infeksi dan fungsi saluran cerna, sistem ginjal, asam basa dan hematologi. Efek hipotermia sebagai proteksi adalah efek terhadap metabolism dan aliran darah otak, excitotoxicitas, oxidative stress dan apoptosis, inflamasi, blood-brain barrier (BBB), permeabilitas pembuluh darah dan pembentukan edema, dan terhadap mekanisme ketahanan hidup sel. Mekanisme proteksi otak dengan hipotermi belum sepenuhnya dimengerti dengan jelas, hanya sebagian saja diketahui bagaimana mekanismenya. Rewarming adalah proses pemulihan temperatur ini ke temperatur inti normal. Rewarming harus dilakukan sangat pelahan untuk mengurangi kejadian komplikasi seperti hipertemia, hiperkalemia dan kerusakan sel.

 

Hypothermia for Brain Protection

Cerebral protection is the preemptive use of theurapeutic intervention to avoid or decrease neurologic damage cause by ischemia. Ischemia is defined as perfussion insufficient to the level will be cause irreversible brain damage. Cerebral ischemia and or hypoxia as consequency of shock, stenosis or vascular occlusion, vasospasm, neurotrauma, and cardiac arrest. Hypothermia were divided into mild hypothermia (33-36OC), hypothermia was (28-32oC), hypothermia in the (11-20oC), profound (6-10°C), and ultraprofound (<5oC). Hypothermia technique is classified into 3 phases namely: an induction phase, maintenance phase and the phase of rewarming. The recommended technique of hypothermia is mild to moderate hypothermia and its use soon after brain injury traumatika and not more than 72 hours. Hypothermia can affect the cardiovascular system, respiratory system, gastrointestinal tract infections and function, renal system, acid-base and hematologic. Effect of hypothermia as brain protective are effect on cerebral blood flow and metabolism, on excitotoxicity, oxidative stress and apoptosis, inflammation, blood-brain barrier (BBB), permeability of blood vessels and form of edema, and the mechanisms of cell survival. Mechanism of brain hypothermia protection as a whole is not clearly known mechanism, only in part be obvious how mthe mechanism. Rewarming is the core body temperature returns to normal core body temperature. Rewarming should be done very slowly to reduce the incidence of complication as hyperthermia, hyperkalemia and cell damage.


Keywords


Hipotermia; proteksi otak; cedera otak traumatik; hypothermia; brain protection; traumatic brain injury

Full Text:

PDF

References


Bisri T. Penanganan Neuroanestesia dan Critical Care: Cedera Otak Traumatik. Bandung: Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Padjadjaran; 2012.

Bullock MR, Povlishock JT. Guideline for management severe traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neurotrauma 2007; vol 24, supp 1.

Bendo AA. Perioperative management of adult patient with severe head injury. Dalam: Cottrell JE, Young WL, eds. Cottrell and Young’s neuroanesthesia, 5th ed. Philadelphia: Mosby Elsevier; 2011, 317-25.

Morales MI, Pittman J, Cottrell JE. Cerebral protection and resuscitation. Dalam: Newfield P, Cottrell JE, eds. Handbook of Neuroanesthesia, 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkin;2007, 55-72.

Shapira Y, Lam AM. Experimental head injury and new horizons. Dalam: Lam AM, ed. Anesthetic Management of Acute Head Injury. New York:McGraw Hill; 1995: 285-315.

Kass IS, Cottrell JE. Pathophysiology of brain injury. Dalam: Cottrell JE, Smith DS, eds. Anesthesia and Neurosurgery, 4th ed. St Louis:Mosby ;2001: 69-79.

Bernard SA, Buist M. Induced hypothermia in critical care medicine: a review. Crit Care Med 2003;31:2041-51.

Dietrich WD, Bramlett HM. The Evidence for hypothermia as neuroprotectant in traumatic brain injury. Neurotherapeutics 2010; 7: 1-13.

Harris OA, Colford JM. Good MC. Matz PG. The role of hypothermia in the management of severe brain injury. Arch Neurol 2002;59: 1077-83.

Seppelt I. Hypothermia does not improve outcome from traumatic brain injury. Critical Care and Resuscitation 2005;7:233-37.

Polderman KH. Mechanisms of action, physiological effect, and complication of hypothermia. Crit Care Med 2009;37:s186202.

Tisherman SA. Hypothermia and injury. Current opinion in Critical Care 2004;10:51219.

Zygun DA, Doig JC, Auer RN, Laupland KB, Sutherland GR. Progress in clinical neurosciences: Therapeutic hypothermia in severe traumatic brain injury. Can J neurol. Sci 2003;30:307-13.

Gupta AK, al Rawi PG, Hutchinson PJ, Kirkpatrick PJ. Effect of hypothermia on brain tissue oxygenation in patients with severe head injury. Br J Anaesth 2002;88:188-92.

Fukuda S, Warner DS. Cerebral Protection. Br J Anaesth 2007;99:10-17.

Luscombe M, Andrzejowski JC. Clinical application of induced hypothermia. Continuing Education in Anesthesia, Critical care & Pain 2006;6: 23-7.

Polderman KH. Induced hypothermia to treat post-ischemic and post-traumatic injury. Scan J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 2004; 12: 5-20.

McIntyre LA, Fergusson DA, Hebert PC, Moher D, Hutchinson JS. Prolong therapeutic hypothermia after traumatic brain injury in adults. JAMA 2003; 289: 2992-99.

Liu L, Yenari MA. Therapeutic hypothermia: neuroprotective mechanisms. Frontiers in Bioscience 2007; 12: 816-25.

Pemberton PL, Dinsmore J. The use of hypothermia as a method of neuroprotection during neurosurgical procedures and after traumatic brain injury: A survey of clinical practice in Great Britain and Ireland. Anesthesia 2003;58:37-73.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.24244/jni.vol1i4.197

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


                                    

 

JNI is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License