Penatalaksanaan Anestesia pada Pasien Cretin dengan Hipopituitarisme Sekunder Akibat Kraniofaringioma
Abstract
Kraniofaringioma adalah tumor sela dan parasela, yang merupakan 6-10% tumor otak pada anak-anak. Gejala umum merupakan tanda peningkatan tekanan intrakranial, seperti sakit kepala, muntah dan gangguan penglihatan. Disfungsi endokrin yang nyata merupakan gambaran umum kraniofaringioma akibat lokasi tumor terhadap kelenjar hipotalamus dan pituitari. Fisik pendek ditemukan pada 50-86% pasien dengan laju pertumbuhan subnormal dan pubertas yang terlambat. Seorang laki-laki, umur 20 tahun, pasien kretin dengan hipopituitarisme sekunder menjalani craniotomy tumor removal dan penempatan omaya shunt. Dia memiliki riwayat sakit kepala sejak 13 tahun yang lalu disertai dengan gangguan penglihatan yang dimulai dari mata kiri dan saat ini dia buta. Dia juga menderita kegagalan pertumbuhan dan pubertas yang terhambat, memiliki fisik seorang anak laki-laki, dengan tinggi badan 140 cm dan berat badan 40 kg. Dia memiliki TSHs yang meningkat dengan T3 dan fT4 yang normal, LH dan FSH yang menurun, prolaktin yang normal, hormon pertumbuhan yang normal rendah dan kortisol yang menurun. Teknik anestesia yang digunakan adalah anestesia umum. Induksi dengan fentanyl, pentotal, lidocaine dan vecuronium dengan kombinasi N2O/O2 dan isoflurane. Rumatan anestesi dengan isoflurane dan kombinasi O2/udara. Pernapasan pasien dikontrol dengan dosis inkremental vecuronium untuk mempertahankan relaksasi. Mannitol dan furosemide diberikan untuk menurunkan tekanan intrakranial. Operasi berlangsung selama 5 jam. Setelah 5 hari di ICU, pasien dapat kembali keruangannya di Kemuning. Masalah pasien ini adalah peningkatan tekanan intrakranial, disfungsi endokrin dan kemungkinan kesulitan jalan napas akibat bentuk tubuh yang kecil. Kortikosteroid sebagai terapi penggantian hormonal diberikan sebelum operasi. Dosis obat anestesi disesuaikan dengan berat badan. Intubasi menggunakan laryngoscope blade dan endotracheal tube dengan ukuran lebih kecil. Selama operasi dihindari pemakaian nitrous oxide, digunakan konsentrasi rendah anestesi inhalasi dan penggunaan dominan anestesi intravena. Pemantauan post operatif dilakukan di ICU dengan memperhatikan kemungkinan komplikasi hormonal seperti diabetes insipidus dan hiponatremia selain pengelolaan nyeri post operatif. Pasien dengan penyakit pituitari, dalam kasus ini kraniofaringioma, disertai dengan disfungsi endokrin dan pertumbuhan abnormal, membutuhkan penatalaksanaan preoperatif, intraoperatif dan postoperatif yang sangat teliti. Kerjasama yang baik antara bagian anestesi, bedah dan endokrinologi dapat menurunkan morbiditas dan mortalitas pada penyakit ini.
Anesthesia Management In Cretin Patient With Hypopitutarism Secondary Of Craniopharyngioma
Craniopharyngioma is a sellar and parasellar tumor, which accounts to 6-10% of childhood brain tumors. Common symptoms are signs of increase intracranial pressure, like headache, vomiting and visual dysfunction. A significant endocrine dysfunction is an usual feature of craniopharyngioma due to the proximity of the tumor to hypothalamus and pituitary gland. Short statue found in 50-86% patient with subnormal growth rates and delayed puberty. A male, 20 yrs cretin patient with hypopituitarism secondary of craniopharyngioma had a craniotomy tumor removal and placement of omaya shunt. He had a history of headache since 13 yrs ago accompanied by visual disturbance, started from his left eye, now he is totally blind. He also suffered from growth failure and delayed puberty, has a physic of a boy regardless his age as 20 yrs old adult, with height 140 cm and weight 40 kg. He has an elevated TSHs but normal T3 and fT4, a decreased LH and FSH, a normal prolactin, a normal but low growth hormon and a decreased cortisol. Anesthetic technique used was general anesthesia. Induction was done with fentanyl, pentotal, lidocaine and vecuronium with a mixture of N2O/O2 and isoflurane. Anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane and a mixture of O2/air. Patient was in controlled breathing with an incremental dose of vecuronium to maintaine the relaxation. Mannitol and furosemide were given to reduce intracranial pressure. The procedure took about 5 hours. After 5 days ICU stayed, the patient was referred back to his room at Kemuning. The problems in this patient are a raised of intracranial pressure, an endocrine dysfunction and a possibility of airway difficulty related to his short statue. Corticosteroid as hormone replacement therapy was given before the operation. Based on his short statue, induction dose of anesthetic agents were adjusted and smaller laryngoscope blade and endotracheal tube were used for intubation. Avoidance of nitrous oxide, low concentration of volatile agent and dominant used of intravenous anesthetic agent were applied during the operation. Post operative monitoring was done in ICU with specific concern of hormone complications like diabetes insipidus and hyponatremia beside post operative pain control. Patient with pituitary disease, in this case craniopharyngioma, accompanied by endocrine dysfunction and abnormal growth, need a very careful treatment from preoperative, intraoperative to postoperative period. A good management and cooperation between anesthesiologist, surgeon and endocrinologist can reduce the morbidity and mortality in this kind of disease.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Halac I, Zimmerman D. Endocrine manifestations of craniopharyngioma. Childs Nerv Syst. 2005;21:640-8.
Nemergut EC, Dumont AS, Barry UT, Laws ER. Perioperative management of patients undergoing transphenoidal pituitary surgery. Anesth Analg. 2005;101:1170-81.
Smith M, Hirsch NP. Pituitary disease and anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth. 2000;85:3-14.
Jane JA, Laws ER. Surgical management of pituitary adenomas. Singapore Med J. 2002;43(6):318-23.
Okafor UV, Onwuekwe IO, Ezegwui HU. Management of pituitary adenoma with mass effect in pregnancy: a case report. Cases Journal. 2009;2:1-3.
O’Connor M. Acquired Hypopituitarism [document on the internet]. Medpedia News & Analysis - Medpedia [diunduh 18 Agustus 2012]. Tersedia dari: http://www.medpedia. com/news_analysis/173-Cushings-Cancer/entri es/51875-Acquired-Hypopituitarism.
Buja ML, Krueger GRF. Endocrine System. Dalam: Netter’s Illustrated Human Pathology. Edisi pertama. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier Inc; 2004. 419.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24244/jni.vol1i3.177
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
JNI is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License