Pascaoperasi Bedah Saraf: Kapan Ekstubasi, Kapan Ventilasi?

Syafruddin Gaus

Abstract


Prinsip dasar tujuan anestesi pada bedah saraf adalah memudahkan pemeriksaan neurologik dini. Pemulihan yang cepat dari neuroanestesia dan ekstubasi dini sangat diinginkan pada semua kasus karena memungkinkan pemantauan klinis yang merupakan hal penting untuk mendeteksi komplikasi pascabedah. Ekstubasi trakea harus dilakukan dengan hati-hati serta mempertimbangkan risiko dan keuntungannya, yaitu: terlalu cepat sadar dari anestesi dapat memperburuk edema atau perdarahan otak sebagai akibat dari hipertensi berat dan ekstubasi pada pasien yang belum sadar penuh dapat menyebabkan hiperkapnia dan aspirasi. Setelah operasi yang tidak sulit, pasien biasanya pulih dari anestesi dengan perubahan metabolik dan hemodinamik minimal. Dengan demikian pemulihan dini dan ekstubasi di kamar operasi adalah metode yang lebih disukai apabila kesadaran prabedah relatif normal dan pembedahan tidak pada daerah otak yang penting atau manipulasi yang luas. Pada pembedahan yang sulit dan pasien tidak stabil, risiko ekstubasi dini harus dipertimbangkan keuntungannya. Namun selalu memungkinkan untuk membangunkan pasien tanpa ekstubasi untuk evaluasi neurologik dini yang diikuti dengan pemulihan anestesi dan ekstubasi yang tertunda. Jika ada keraguan apakah pasien akan diekstubasi, sedasi selama 1-2 jam memberikan waktu untuk mengoreksi hemodinamik dan gangguan metabolik. Pemulihan keadaran yang ditunda dan ekstubasi yang kemudian dilakukan di unit perawatan intensif (UPI) direkomendasikan untuk memperoleh stabilitas kardiovaskuler setelah prosedur intrakranial major. Tersedianya anestetika dan analgesia intravena dengan mula dan lama kerja sangat singkat dan obat-obat penghambat adrenergik telah memungkinkan untuk pulih sadar segera setelah pembedahan intrakranial. Pemantauan hemodinamik dan respirasi yang ketat adalah wajib dilakukan pada semua kasus dan skor GCS > 8 telah ditetapkan sebagai prediktor berhasilnya ekstubasi.

 

Postoperative Neurosurgery: When Extubation, When Ventilation?

The principal elements to anesthetics goal to neurosurgery is facilitate an early neurologic assessment. Early recovery from neuroanesthesia and extubation to desirable to most cases because it allows clinical monitoring of the patients, which is essential to detect postoperative complications. Extubation of the trachea must be carefully considered in terms of risk and benefit that is: too rapid an emergence from anesthesia may lead to worsening of cerebral edema or cerebral hemorrhages as result of severe hypertension and extubation of a patient who not fully conscious may promote hypercapnia and aspiration. After uncomplicated surgery, patients generally recover from anesthesia with minimal metabolic and hemodynamic changes. Thus, early recovery and extubation in the operating room is the preferred method when the preoperative state of consciousness is relative normal and surgery does not involve critical brain areas or extensive manipulation. In the complicated or unstable patient, the risk of early extubation may outweigh the benefits. It is, however, often possible to perform a brief awakening of the patient without extubation to allow early neurological evaluation, followed by delayed emergence and extubation. If there is any doubt as to whether the patient should be extubated, a 1- to 2-hour sedation period allow time to correct hemodynamic and metabolic disturbances. A delayed emergence and later extubation in the intensive care unit (ICU) might be recommended to achieve better cardiovascular stability after major intracranial procedures. The availability of ultrashort intravenous anesthetic and analgetic agents and adrenergic blocking agents has added to the flexibility in the immediate emergence period after intracranial surgery. Close hemodynamic and respiratory monitoring are mandatory in all cases and GCS score > 8 established a cutoff associated with a likelihood of successful extubation.


Keywords


Pascabedah; neuroanestesi; ekstubasi; ventilasi; Postoperative; neuroanesthesia; extubation; ventilation

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References


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DOI: https://doi.org/10.24244/jni.vol2i2.166

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