Mannitol untuk Hipertensi Intrakranial pada Cedera Otak Traumatik: apakah masih diperlukan?

Dewi Yulianti Bisri

Abstract


Angka kejadian cedera otak traumatika (COT) masih cukup tinggi berkisar 1,4 juta pertahun dengan angka kematian 15–20%. Peningkatan tekanan intrakranial (TIK) sangat sering terjadi setelah COT yang dihubungkan dengan angka mortalitas dan morbiditas. Terapi hipertensi intrakranial harus dimulai bila tekanan intrakranial 20 mmHg atau lebih, karena makin tinggi kenaikan tekanan intrakranial makin tinggi mortalitas. Komplikasi peningkatan TIK adalah terjadinya iskemia dan herniasi otak. Pada guideline terapi hipertensi intrakranial dikenal first-tier therapy dan second-tier therapy. First-tier therapy adalah drenase cairan serebrospinalis, hiperventilasi sedang mencapai PaCO2 30–35 mmHg, dan pemberian osmotik diuretik mannitol. Mannitol mampu menurunkan volume otak dan TIK, mengurangi viskositas darah, meningkatkan aliran darah otak, sehingga akan memperbaiki pasokan oksigen. Peningkatan deformabilitas eritrosit akan membantu menurunkan TIK. Akan tetapi, Cochrane systematic review menemukan tidak cukup data untuk membuat rekomendasi penggunaan mannitol untuk pengelolaan pasien cedera otak traumatik.Terapi diuretik dengan mannitol 0,25–1 g/kg diinfuskan dalam waktu lebih dari 10 menit sampai 20 menit dan diulang setiap 3–6 jam. Osmolaritas plasma harus dipantau dan tidak boleh lebih dari 320 mOsm/L. Efek akan dimulai pada menit ke 15–30 setelah pemberian dan menetap 90 menit sampai 6 jam. Simpulannya adalah karena dari guideline Brain Trauma Foundation yang menyebutkan bahwa mannitol digunakan untuk first-tier therapy, maka pada pekerjaan sehari-hari dalam mengelola pasien cedera kepala berat dengan hipertensi intrakranial kita tetap memberikan terapi mannitol.

 

Mannitol for Intracranial Hypertension in Traumatic Brain Injury: is it still needed?

The incidence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains high, about 1.4 million per year with a mortality rate of 15–20%. Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) is very common after TBI. Increased ICP is associated with incidence of mortality and morbidity. Intracranial hypertension therapy should be initiated when the ICP is 20 mmHg or more, as higher increase in ICP will increase mortality. Complications of elevated ICP include brain ischemia and brain herniation. Intracranial hypertension treatment guidelines include first-tier and second-tier therapy. First-tier therapy is cerebrospinal fluid drainage, hyperventilation, achieving PaCO2 30–35 mmHg, and osmotic diuretic: mannitol administration. Mannitol can reduce brain volume and ICP, reduce blood viscosity, improve cerebral blood flow, therefore improving the supply of oxygen. Increased erythrocyte deformability will help to reduce ICP. However, the Cochrane systematic review found insufficient data to make recommendations on the use of mannitol for the management of TBI patients. Diuretic therapy with mannitol 0.25 to 1g/kg infused in just over 10 minutes to 20 minutes and repeated every 3–6 hours. Plasma osmolarity should be monitored and should not be more than 320 mOsm/L. Effect will begin 15–30 minutes after administration and settled 90 minutes to 6 hours. Brain Trauma Foundation guidelines states that mannitol is used as first-tier therapy, therefore we administer manitol as part of management of patients with severe head injury with intracranial hypertension.

 


Keywords


Cedera otak traumatik; hipertensi intrakranial; mannitol; osmotik diuretik; intracranial hypertension; mannitol; osmotic diuretic; traumatic brain injury

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.24244/jni.vol2i3.157

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