Barbiturat dan Obat Pelumpuh Otot: Masih Bermanfaat untuk Menangani Hipertensi Intrakranial?
Abstract
Hipertensi intrakranial dapat menyebabkan cedera otak sekunder dan meningkatkan morbiditas serta mortalitas. Untuk mempertahankan tekanan intrakranial agar senantiasa dalam batas normal, maka cairan serebrospinal dan darah mempunyai kemampuan untuk mengurangi volume intrakranial sampai 30%. Hipertensi intrakranial didefinisikan sebagai tekanan intrakranial di atas 20 mmHg yang menetap lebih dari 20 menit pada dewasa. Pada otak yang sedang mengalami proses patologis, autoregulasi akan terganggu dan interaksi antara tekanan arteri rata-rata (mean arterial pressure/MAP) dan aliran darah otak sangat bergantung pada derajat kerusakan yang ada. Perubahan MAP akan mengakibatkan perubahan aliran darah otak (ADO) walaupun MAP masih pada rentang normal. Pengelolaan hipertensi intrakranial terdiri dari terapi umum yaitu optimalisasi drenase vena serebral, pengelolaan jalan nafas, sedasi dan analgesia, mengatasi demam, mengelola hipertensi, anemia dan mencegah kejang. Terapi spesifik adalah pemberian sedasi dan paralisis, terapi hiperosmolar, hiperventilasi, koma barbiturat, hipotermia dan pemberian steroid (hanya untuk tumor otak). Tiopental menurunkan ADO dan metabolisme otak yang setara dengan keadaan isoelektrik pada rekaman electro encephalo graphy (EEG). Pelumpuh otot menghambat kontraksi otot sehingga akan mengurangi kebutuhan energi, mengurangi produksi CO2, memperbaiki perfusi otak, dan mempertahankan TIK
Barbiturates and Neuromuscular Blocking Agent: Still Valuable to Treat Intracranial Hypertension?
Intracranial hypertension may cause secondary brain injury and have the potential to increase morbidity and mortality. In keeping the intracranial pressure within normal limit, cerebrospinal liquor and also the blood have the ability to reduce intracranial volume to 30%. Intracranial hypertension is defined as intracranial pressure above 20 mmHg for more than 20 min in adult patients. During the pathological process caused by various aetiologies, autoregulation process is impaired and interaction between mean arterial pressure (MAP) and cerebral blood flow will depend on the severity of impairement. Meaning that changes of mean arterial pressure within normal autoregulation range will influence the cerebral blood flow accordingly. Management of Intracranial hypertension consist of general and specific approaches. General approach includes optimal cerebral venous drainage, airway management, sedation and analgesia, fever, anemia and hypertension treatment and seizure prevention. Specific approach includes paralysis and sedation, hyperosmolar therapy, hyperventilation, barbiturate coma, hypothermia and steroid for tumor cases only. Tiopental decreases CBF and cerebral metabolism which is equivalent to an isoelectric electro encephalo graphy (EEG). Muscle relaxant prevents muscle contraction therefore reducing energy consumption, CO2 production, improve cerebral perfusion, and maintain ICP.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Hodgkinson V, Mahajan RP. The management of raised intracranial pressure. Bulletin The Royal College of Anesthetist 2000,May: 27– 31.
Turner JM. Intracranial pressure. Dalam: Matta BF, Menon DK, Turner JM, penyunting. Textbook of Neuroanesthesia and Critical Care. London: GMM;2000,53–5.
Giugno K, Maia TR. Treatment of intracranial hypertension. J Pediatr 2003;79 (4): 288–94.
Castillo LR, Gopinath S, Robertson CS. Management of intracranial hypertension. Neurol Clin 2008;26(2):522–26.
Hickey R. Effect of anesthesia on cerebral and spinal cord physiology. Dalam: Cottrell JE, Newfield P, penyunting. Handbook of Neuroanesthesia. Philadelphia: Lippincot Williams Wilkins,2007:31–3.
Sakabe T, Nakakimura K. Dalam: Cottrell JE, Smith DS, penyunting. Anesthesia and Neurosurgery. Missouri: Mosby,2001:131–7.
Cotenceau V, Petit L, Masson F, Guehl D, Asselineau J. The use of bispectral index to monitor barbiturate coma in severe brain injured patients with refractory intracranial hypertension. Anest Analg 2008;107(5):1676– 8.
Society of critical care medicine and world federation of pediatric intensive and critical care society. The use of barbiturate in the control of intracranial hypertension in severe pediatric traumatic brain injury. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2003;3(4).Suppl:49–50.
Louis PT, Goddard-Finegold J, Fishman MA, Griggs JR, Stein F, Laurent JP. Barbiturate and hyperventilation during intracranial hypertension. Crit Care Medicine.1993;21(8): 120–4.
Kim YL, Park SW, Nam TK, Park YS, Min BK, Hwang SN. The effect of barbiturate coma therapy for paients with severe intracranial hypertension: a 10-year experience. J Korean Neurosurg Soc.2008;44; 141–3.
Menon G, Nair S, Bhattachrya RN. Cerebral protection-current concept. Indian Journal of Neurotrauma. 2005;2(2):71–2.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24244/jni.vol2i3.155
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
JNI is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License