Pengelolaan Hipertensi Intrakranial yang Membandel pada Cedera Otak Traumatik

Dewi Yulianti Bisri

Abstract


Hipertensi intrakranial yang membandel (intractable/refracter/malignant intracranial hypertension) didefinisikan sebagai peningkatan tekanan intrakranial (intracranial pressure/ICP) lebih dari 25 mmHg selama 30 menit, 30 mmHg selama 15 menit, atau 40 mmHg selama 1 menit. Definisi lain adalah peningkatan ICP sebagai peningkatan spontan ICP >20 mmHg selama 15 menit dalam periode 1 jam meskipun telah dilakukan intervensi first-tier secara optimal atau ICP >25 mmHg untuk 1-12 jam. Hipertensi intrakranial adalah kelainan yang dapat berakibat fatal. Mortalitas tertinggi dari hipertensi intrakranial terlihat pada pasien dengan cedera kepala berat, yang mana peningkatan ICP sangat ekstrim dan sering membandel terhadap terapi. Masalah utama peningkatan ICP adalah iskemia dan herniasi. 

Tindakan untuk terapi hipertensi intrakranial adalah pasang monitor ICP, pertahankan cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) 50-70 mmHg, first-tier therapy dan second-tier therapy. Indikasi pemasangan monitor ICP adalah 1) abnormal CT scan dan skor GCS 3-8 setelah dilakukan resusitasi yang adekuat untuk syok dan hipoksia, 2) normal CT scan dan skor GCS 3-8 disertai dengan 2 atau lebih hal-hal berikut:  umur > 40 tahun, posturing, atau tekanan darah sistolik < 90 mmHg. Terapi untuk menurunkan ICP dimulai pada level ICP 20-25 mmHg.  First-tier therapy untuk terapi peningkatan tekanan intrakranial adalah: 1) CSF drainase melalui kateter intraventricular, 2) diuresis dengan mannitol, 0,25-1,5 g/kg berikan lebih 10 menit, 3) moderate hiperventilasi.

Bila tekanan intrakranial membandel terhadap first-tier therapy  (intractable) lakukan second-tier therapy yaitu hiperventilasi untuk mencapai PaCO2 < 30 mmHg (dianjurkan memasang monitor SJO2, AVDO2, dan/atau CBF), dosis tinggi terapi barbiturat, hipotermia,  terapi hipertensif, dekompresif kraniektomi.

The Management of Intractable Intracranial Hypertension in Traumatic Brain Injury

Intractable intracranial hypertension (refractory/malignant intracranial hypertension) defined as intracranial pressure (ICP) that exceed 25 mmHg for 30 minutes, 30 mmHg for 15 minutes, or 40 mmHg for 1 minute. Other definition are refractory elevation in ICP as a spontaneous increase ICP >20 mmHg during 15 minutes within a 1 hour period despite optimized first-tier intervention or ICP >25 mmHg for 1-12 hour. Intracranial hypertension is a potentially fatal disorder. The highest mortality from intracranial hypertension is seen in patient with severe head injury, in whom elevations in intracranial pressure are extreme and frequency resistant to treatment. Main problem of increased intracranial pressure (ICP) are ischemia and herniation.

Treatment of intracranial hypertension includes insert ICP monitor, maintenance CPP 50-70 mmHg, first-tier therapy and second-tier therapy. Indication for insertion of an ICP monitor include 1) an abnormal CT scan and  a GCS score  of 3 to 8 after adequate resuscitation of shock and hypoxia, 2) normal CT scan and a GCS  of 3 to 8 accompanied by two or more the following at admitted hospital: age > 40 years, posturing, or systolic blood pressure of < 90 mmHg. Treatment to decrease ICP usually initated at ICP level of 20-25 mmHg. The aim is to maintain CPP 50-70 mmHg. First-tier therapy involves the following: 1) incremental CSF drainage via an intraventricular catheter, 2) diuresis with mannitol, 0.25-1.5 g/kg over 10 minutes, 3) moderate hyperventilation. If intracranial hypertension intractable to first-tier therapy, do second-tier therapy: hyperventilation to achieved PaCO2 < 30 mmHg (SJO2, AVDO2, and/or CBF monitoring is recommended), high dose barbiturate therapy, consider hypothermia, consider hypertensive therapy, consider decompressive craniectomy.


Keywords


Cedera otak traumatik; hipertensi intrakranial membandel; first-tier therapy; second-tier therapyTraumatic brain injury; intractable intracranial hypertension; first-tier therapy; second-tier therapy

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.24244/jni.vol7i2.14

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