Penatalaksanaan Perioperatif Perdarahan Intraserebral

Sandhi Christanto, Nazaruddin Umar, A Himendra Wrgahadibrata

Abstract


Perdarahan intraserebral spontan nontraumatik didefinisikan sebagai ekstravasasi spontan darah ke dalam parenkim otak yang dapat meluas ke ventrikel otak atau pada kasus yang jarang dapat sampai ke ruang subarachnoid. Perdarahan intraserebral merupakan penyakit yang sering dijumpai, di Amerika Serikat tiap tahunnya terdapat sekitar 37 ribu sampai 52 ribu orang mengalami perdarahan intraserebral.1,2 Tercatat sekitar 10–30% dari semua kasus stroke di rumah sakit merupakan akibat perdarahan intraserebral, angka mortalitas mencapai 30–50% pada 30 hari pertama perawatan dan hanya sekitar 20% pasien yang mendapatkan kembali kemampuan dan kemandirian fungsionalnya dalam jangka waktu 6 bulan.2,3,4Faktor resiko paling penting dan paling sering untuk PIS adalah hipertensi, yang rata-rata mencapai 60–70% dari semua kasus PIS.1,3 Seorang wanita, 41 tahun berat badan 60 kg datang dengan kesadaran menurun sejak 1 hari sebelum masuk rumah sakit disertai bagian tubuh sebelah kanan yang terasa lemas. Keluhan tersebut dirasa semakin lama semakin berat sampai keesokan harinya kesadaran makin menurun dan bagian tubuh kanan tidak bisa digerakkan. Pada pemeriksaan didapatkan jalan napas bebas, laju napas 18–20 x/menit, tekanan darah 200/100 mmHg, laju nadi 70x/menit, skor GCS E2M5V–, Hasil Ctscan menunjukkan adanya perdarahan intraserebral di basal ganglia kiri volume 52 ml dengan midLine shift ke kanan sejauh 1,1 cm, skor PIS 2. Keputusan kraniotomi evakuasi hematoma dilakukan untuk keselamatan pasien. Penatalaksanaan berkesinambungan dengan memperhatikan prinsip neuroresusitasi, neuroanestesia, neurointensive care serta neuroproteksi sangat penting dilakukan dalam menangani pasien dengan perdarahan intraserebral.

 

Perioperative Management of Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Spontaneous non traumatic intracerebral hemorrhage is devined as an extravasation of blood into the brain parenchym that may extend into the ventricles and, in a rare case, to the subarachnoid space. Each year, approximately 37,000 to 52,000 people in the United States are suffered from an intracerebral hemorrhage. Intracerebral hemorrhage accounts for 10 to 30 percent of all cases of stroke with the 30-days mortality rate, ranges from 30%–50% and only 20% of survivors expected to have full functional recovery within 6 months. Hypertension is by far the most important and prevalent risk factor, directly accounted for about 60–70% of cases. A 41-year old woman weighted 60 kgs was admitted to the hospital with decreased level of conciousness and weak right side of her body, which became worsen in the next morning. On examination, airway was clear, respiratory rate was 18–20 x/min, blood pressure was 200/100 mmHg, heart rate was 70 bpm, GCS score was E2M5V–, CT-scan examination showed a 52 cc of intracerebral hemorrhage in left basal ganglia, mid line shifted 1,1 cm to the right and ICH score was 2. The decision of emergency hematoma evacuation was immediately made for life saving. Continuous and comprehensive management with neuro-resuscitation, neuroanestesia, neuro intensive care and brain protectio.


Keywords


Perdarahan intraserebral; penatalaksanaan perioperatif; intracerebral hemorrhage; perioperative management

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References


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DOI: https://doi.org/10.24244/jni.vol3i2.136

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