Gangguan Koagulasi dan Hubungannya dengan Luaran Pascacedera Otak Traumatik
Abstract
Gangguan koagulasi umum terjadi pada cedera otak traumatik (COT) dan seringkali memperburuk luaran. Gangguan ini diawali dengan lepasnya faktor jaringan dan trombin secara berlebihan pada bagian otak yang rusak, yang selanjutnya mengaktifkan jalur koagulasi. Gangguan koagulasi pada COT bersifat kompleks dan berupa kombinasi koagulopati dan hiperkoagulabilitas. Hiperkoagulabilitas dikaitkan dengan terjadinya disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) secara sistemik dan secara lokal dengan terbentuknya mikrotrombi di area penumbra daerah yang mengalami kontusi. Nilai abnormal fungsi koagulasi dapat terjadi karena kerusakan endotel saat cedera langsung dan tidak langsung oleh proses inflamasi, toksin dan iskemia. Koagulopati terjadi akibat turunnya jumlah platelet dan faktor pembekuan akibat kehilangan darah atau karena kosumsi oleh DIC, dan dipercepat dengan dilusi, asidosis dan hipotermi. DIC merupakan prediktor penting luaran COT yang buruk.
Coagulation Disorders Post Traumatic Brain Injury Related Outcome
Traumatic disorder of hemocoagulation is common in traumatic brain injury (TBI) and frequently related to poor outcome. It begins with the massive release of thrombin or tissue factor from damage brain cells, following the activation of coagulation pathway. Coagulation disorder in TBI are complex and characterised by combination of coagulopathy and hypercoagulability. A hypercoagulable state may be generalised in the case of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) or local with the development of microthrombi in the penumbra of a contusion. The presence of abnormal coagulation test in traumatic brain injury may be caused by cerebral vascular endothelial damage after direct injury, as well as indirect damage through inflammation, toxins, and ischaemia. Coagulopathy may result from depletion of platelets and clotting factors following blood loss or comsumption due to DIC, and may further be enhanced by dilution, acidosis and hypothermia. DIC is an important predictor of poor outcome in TBI.
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.24244/jni.vol3i2.135
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