Penatalaksanaan Perioperatif Cedera Kepala Traumatik dengan Jalan Nafas Sulit
Abstract
Cedera kepala traumatik merupakan masalah kesehatan utama, pemicu kecacatan dan kematian di seluruh dunia. Walaupun terdapat cara diagnosis dan penatalaksanaan yang semakin mutakhir, prognosis tetap jauh dari harapan. Disamping derajat keparahan cedera primer merupakan faktor utama yang menentukan luaran, cedera sekunder yang disebabkan oleh hipotensi, hipoksemia, hiperkarbia, hiperglikemia, hipoglikemia dan lain lain, yang timbul seiring waktu setelah cedera awal, menyebabkan kerusakan lebih lanjut dari jaringan otak, memperberat luaran pada cedera kepala traumatik. Penatalaksanaan cedera kepala saat ini difokuskan pada pencegahan dan pengelolaan cedera sekunder karena cedera sekunder dapat dihindari dan diterapi. Seorang laki-laki, 46 tahun berat badan 100 kg, tinggi badan 175 cm ditemukan di pinggir jalan dengan dugaan akibat kecelakaan lalu lintas, setelah resusitasi dan stabilisasi didapatkan jalan napas bebas, laju napas 16–18 x/menit, tekanan darah 160/90 mmHg, laju nadi 75 x/menit, skor GCS E2M5V2, pemeriksaan pupil kiri reaktif 3 mm, kanan sulit dievaluasi karena terdapat hematoma, terdapat lateralisasi dengan bagian tubuh kanan terlihat lebih aktif. Hasil CT Scan menunjukkan perdarahan subdural frontotemporoparietal kanan, perdarahan intraserebral dengan volume 21,8 cc, perdarahan subarachnoid frontotemporal kanan, pergeseran garis tengah sebesar 1,13 cm ke kiri, fraktur temporal kanan serta edema serebri. Keputusan tindakan kraniotomi evakuasi perdarahan segera dilakukan demi keselamatan pasien. Penatalaksanaan cedera kepala pada periode perioperatif yang meliputi evaluasi cepat, resusitasi berkesinambungan (serebral maupun sistemik), intervensi pembedahan dini, penatalaksanaan terapi intensif, diharapkan dapat memberikan jalan keluar potensial yang mungkin dapat memperbaiki luaran dari pasien dengan cedera kepala.
Perioperative Management of Traumatic Brain Injury with Difficult Airway
Traumatic brain injury is major public health problem and leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Despite the modern diagnosis and treatment pathways, the prognosis remains poor. While severity of primary injury is the major factor to determine the outcomes, the secondary injury caused by hypotension, hypoxemia hypercarbia, hyperglicemia, hypoglicemia and et cetera, thet develop overtime after the onset of injury may cause further damage to brain tissues and worsen the outcome. Traumatic brain injury management currently focuses on prevention and secondary injury, treatment, since secondary injury is largely preventable and treatable. A 46 years old male patient, weighted 100 kgs, height 175 cm was found on the street as the suspect of traffic accident. On examination no obstruction in the airway, respiratory rate was16‒18 x/minute, blood pressure was 160/90 mmHg, heart rate was 75x/minute, GCS scale was E2M5V2. The cranial hemorrhage was found in the right frontotemporal, intracerebral (approximately 21,8 cc), cerebral edema, and the midline shift more than 1 cm were seen on brain CT-Scan examination. The decision of emergency craniotomy evacuation was immediately made to save the live of the patient. The management in perioperative period involving rapid evaluation, continued with resuscitation (cerebral and systemic), early surgical intervention intensive care management, may be a potential window that will improve the outcome of traumatic brain injury patients
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.24244/jni.vol3i1.129
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