Awake Craniotomy: Pengalaman dengan Dexmedetomidin
Abstract
Awake craniotomy (AC) menggunakan anestesi lokal dan sedasi termonitor untuk mengambil tumor intrakranial yang mengenai eloquent cortex merupakan teknik yang telah diterima. Teknik ini memungkinkan dilakukan pemetaan intraoperatif yang memfasilitasi reseksi tumor secara radikal dan meminimalkan morbiditas dengan mempertahankan jaringan yang berfungsi. Kebutuhan pemetaan cortex adalah untuk menggambarkan fungsi otak, seperti bicara, sensoris, dan motoris dengan tujuan untuk mempertahankannya selama dilakukan reseksi. Obat yang diberikan harus dapat memberikan level sedasi dan analgesi yang adekuat untuk mengangkat tulang, tapi tidak mempengaruhi testing fungsonal dan elektrokortikografi. Prosedur sama dengan kraniotomi standar, tapi dengan satu perbedaan-pasien sadar penuh selama pemetaan korteks dan reseksi tumor. Pasien mampu bicara dan bergerak normal. Pasien tidak selalu bangun selama pembedahan, tapi tidur dalam 1–2 jam pertama dan atau setelah reseksi tumor. Tidak ada rasa sakit selama sadar. Sasaran anestesi adalah pasien nyaman, mampu tidak bergerak selama pembedahan, sadar dan kooperatif saat pemetaan korteks yang dapat dicapai dengan: 1) persiapan pasien yang adekuat, 2) lingkungan nyaman, 3) pemberian sedatif analgesik yang tepat, 4) selalu berkomunikasi dengan pasien, dan 5) cepat diterapi bila ada komplikasi. Dexmedetomidine adalah suatu a–2 adrenoceptor agonist spesifik dengan efek sedatif, analgesik, anesthetic sparring effect, bangun bila distimulasi, efek proteksi otak, tidak adiksi, tidak menekan respirasi. Pasien yang diberikan dexmedetomidin bisa tersedasi dan nyaman tapi mudah dibangunkan dan mentoleransi AC yang berlangsung lama.
Awake Craniotomy: Experience with Dexmedetomidine
Awake craniotomy (AC) using local anesthesia and monitored sedation in intracranial tumor removal involving eloquent cortex has been considered as an acceptable technique. It allows intraoperative mapping that facilitates radical tumor resection while minimizing morbidity by preserving functional tissue. Anesthesia for intracranial procedure requiring patient cooperation present a challange to the anesthesiologist. The need for cortex mapping is to describe brain function, such as verbal, sensoric and motoric aiming for maintain its function during resection. The administered drugs should provide an adequate level of sedation and analgesia for bone flap removal, but must not interfere with functional testing and electrocorticography. The procedure is very similar to a standard craniotomy, but with one difference-the patient is fully awake during cortical mapping and tumor resection. Patient is able to talk and move normally. The patient should not awake during surgery, but is in deep sleep for the first 1-2 hours and/or after tumor resection. There will be be no pain during conscious time. The goal of anesthesia is patient’s comfort, able to stay immobile on OR table during the procedure, and is alert and cooperative to comply with cortical mapping. These goals can be accomplished by 1) adequate preparation of the patients, 2) a comfortable environment, 3) appropriate administration of right analgetic and sedative medication, 4) conduct ongoing communication, 5) perform rapid treatment to any complications. Dexmedetomidine is a highly spesific a-2 adrenoceptor agonist with sedative, analgesic, anesthetic sparring effect, awake if stimulated, brain protection with no addiction effect nor suppress ventilation. Patients treated with dexmedetomidine will be sedated, comfortably but is easily aroused to tolerate a prolonged awake craniotomy.
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.24244/jni.vol4i3.120
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