Patofisiologi Serebrovaskuler dan Implikasi Anestesi pada Preeklampsia/Eklampsia

Rafidya Indah Septica, Yusmein Uyun, Bambang Suryono

Abstract


Preeklampsia adalah kelainan multisistim unik pada ibu hamil. Preeklampsia terjadi pada sekitar 3-8% kehamilan, dengan angka mortalitas akibat gangguan serebrovaskuler yang cukup tinggi (67%). Adanya 2 protein antiangiogenik yang diproduksi berlebihan oleh plasenta yang memberi akses masuk ke sirkulasi maternal merupakan molekul yang bertanggung jawab terhadap munculnya preeklampsia, yaitu soluble Fms-like tyrosine kinase, yang merupakan inhibitor endogen vascular endothelial growth factor dan placental growth factor, dan endoglin terlarut (sEng). Faktor-faktor tersebut menyebabkan disfungsi endotel sistemik yang berefek terutama ke hati, otak, dan ginjal. Disfungsi endotel pada otak diasumsikan berperan melalui 2 teori, yaitu sebagai respon terhadap hipertensi berat akut, sehingga regulasi berlebihan serebrovaskuler memicu terjadinya vasospasme; dihipotesakan aliran darah otak (ADO) hilang akibat iskemia, edema sitotoksik, infark dan terjadinya peningkatan mendadak tekanan darah sistemik melebihi kapasitas autoregulasi serebrovaskuler normal, sehingga terjadi kerusakan tekanan ujung kapiler yang menyebabkan kenaikan tekanan hidrostatik, hiperperfusi, ekstravasasi plasma dan sel darah merah melalui endothelial tight junctions yang terbuka mengakibatkan akumulasi edema vasogenik. Walaupun demikian perubahan serebrovaskuler tidak selalu menyebabkan peningkatan tekanan intrakranial. Dengan bantuan teknologi yang lebih baik dan canggih, abnormalitas serebrovaskuler yang dipicu oleh preeklampsia-eklampsia, juga efek hipertensi pada perfusi serebral dapat dijelaskan dengan lebih baik. Pertimbangan khusus pemilihan teknik anestesi pada preeklampsia dimulai dengan persiapan preoperatif berupa penilaian preanestesi, pemilihan manajemen anestesi, teknik induksi pada anestesi umum, dan interaksi antara MgSO4 dan pelumpuh otot nondepolarisasi. Teknik anestesi sesuai kaidah neuroanestesi adalah teknik terpilih pada preeklampsia/eklampsia dengan kenaikan tekanan intrakranial

 

Cerebrovascular Pathophysiology and Anesthetic Implication in Preeclampsia/Eclamsia

Preeclampsia is a uniqe multisystem disorder in pregnant women. Preeclampsia affecting 3-8% of pregnancies, with high maternal mortality related to cerebrovascular accident (67%). The over produced two antiangiogenic proteins by placenta that gain access to the maternal circulation have become the main molecules responsible for phenotype of preeclampsia; which are soluble Fms-like tyrosine kinase, endogenous inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor and placental growth factor, and soluble endoglin (sEng). All these factors cause systemic endothelial dysfunction, mostly affected liver, brain, and kidney. Endothelial cell dysfunction may play role in two theories: as respon to acute severe hypertension thus cerebrovascular overregulation leads to vasospasm; as hypothesized,the diminished cerebral blood flow (CBF) resulted in ischaemia, cytotoxic edema, and infarct and a sudden elevation in systemic blood pressure exceeded the normal cerebrovascular autoregulatory capacity, and lead to disruption of the end-capillary pressure which causes increased hydrostatic pressure, hyperperfusion, and extravasation of plasma as well as red cells through disruption of the endothelial tight junctions leading to the accumulation of vasogenic edema. Nevertheless, cerebrovascular changes not always increase intracranial pressure. With the new and better technologies, the abnormal cerebrovascular related to preeclampsia-ecclampsia, and hypertension effect on cerebral perfusion can be more clearly explained. Special consideration for anesthesia technique in preeclampsia should be begin with preoperative preparation as pre-anesthestia assesment, choosing the anesthestia technique, induction technique and consideration of MgSO4 and nondepolarising muscle relaxant interaction when using general anesthesia. If intracranial pressure increased, neuroanesthesia technique is recommended. In preeclampsia/eclampsia cases.


Keywords


Preeklampsia; patofisiologi serebrovaskuler; manajemen anestesi; preeclampsia; cerebrovascular pathophysiology; anesthestic management

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References


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DOI: https://doi.org/10.24244/jni.vol2i2.118

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