Efek Proteksi Otak Erythropoietin
Abstract
Eritropoietin (EPO) adalah hormon ginjal yang berfungsi mempertahankan jumlah eritrosit. Penelitian-penelitian menunjukkan bahwa EPO adalah molekul multifungsi yang dihasilkan dan digunakan oleh berbagai jaringan. Selain eritropoiesis. EPO juga terlibat pada respon biologis kerusakan jaringan akut dan subakut. Eritropoietin tidak hanya berperan dalam eritropoiesis tetapi juga memiliki efek proteksi otak dengan merangsang protein of repair, mengurangi eksitotoksisitas neuron, mengurangi inflamasi, menghambat apoptosis neuron dan merangsang neurogenesis dan angiogenesis pada penelitian eksperimental cedera iskemia, hipoksia dan cedera toksik. EPO juga memperbaiki outcome neurologik dan fungsi mental. Ditemukannnya EPO dan reseptor EPO (EPOR) di organ-organ dan jaringan non eritroid menunjukkan EPO mempunyai fungsi yang lain. Produksi ekstrarenal dari EPO ditemukan pada binatang pengerat dewasa dan pada manusia dengan severely anemic anephric masih ditemukan kadar EPO walau sangat rendah. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa terjadi sintesa ekstrarenal dari EPO. Berbagai jenis sel pada sistem saraf pusat memproduksi EPO dan mengkespresikan EPOR. Mekanisme kerja EPO dapat mempengaruhi berbagai langkah dalam kaskade kematian sel. EPO dapat mencegah kematian sel neuron eksitotoksik yang diakibatkan oleh berbagai reseptor glutamat agonis juga melindungi sel neuron dari toksisitas yang diakibatkan oleh kainate, NMDA dan AMPA. EPO dapat melawan efek sitotoksik dari glutamat, meningkatkan ekspresi enzim-enzim antioksidan, mengurangi pembentukan radikal bebas, memperbaiki aliran darah serebral, mempengaruhi pelepasan neurotransmiter, dan meningkatkan angiogenesis. EPO tidak hanya berfungsi dalam proses eritropoiesis tetapi juga mempunyai efek protektor otak. Jalur proteksi otak dari EPO memang masih belum jelas tetapi penelitian-penelitian menunjukkan terdapat perbaikan dari otak baik secara klinis maupun laboratoris setelah pemberian EPO.
Brain Protection Effect of Erythropoietin
Erythropoietin (EPO) has been viewed solely as a renal hormone with a specialized role in maintaining adequate numbers of erythrocytes. However, recent studies have revealed that EPO is a multifunctional molecule produced and utilized by many tissues. In addition to erythropoiesis, EPO’s other key roles involve the acute and sub acute biological responses to tissue damage. Studies showed that EPO stimulates proteins of repair, diminishes neuronal excitotoxicity, reduces inflammation, inhibit neuronal apoptosis and stimulates both neurogenesis and angiogenesis. EPO also improved neurological outcomes and mental function. The discovery of EPO and EPOR (erythropoietin receptor) in many non-erythroid organs and tissues suggested that EPO has other roles. Extrarenal production of EPO found in adult rodents and in humans. Different cell types in the nervous system produce EPO and express EPOR. EPO mechanism influence every step in cascade of neuronal cell death. EPO prevents excitotoxic neuronal cell death caused by glutamate receptor agonists that protect neuron from toxicity from kainate, NMDA and AMPA. EPO can resist cytotoxic effect of glutamate, increased antioxidant enzymes expression, reduce free radical formation, repair cerebral blood flow, influence release of neurotransmitter dan angiogenesis. EPO function not only in erythropoiesis but also in brain protection. The brain protection pathway of EPO remains unclear but clinical and laboratory studies showed that good result.
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.24244/jni.vol4i2.109
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