Interaksi Otak-Paru pada Neurocritical Care
Abstract
Pasien cedera otak traumatik (COT) berat merupakan kasus trauma yang paling sering masuk ke ruang terapi intensif dan kemudian terjadi multiple organ dysfunction dengan morbiditas dan mortalitas yang tinggi. Disfungsi neurologik berat dihubungkan dengan terjadinya edema paru dan cedera paru yang akan memperburuk outcome, dapat terjadi pada cedera otak traumatik, subarachnoid hemorrhage, status epileptikus, dan mati otak. Ventilasi mekanis yang sering digunakan dalam pengelolaan pasien sakit kritis, juga dapat memicu respons paru dan organ lain termasuk otak akibat terjadinya inflamasi. Pengaruh dari paru ke otak terlihat bahwa kebanyakan pasien yang selamat dari acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) menunjukkan kemunduran kognitif yang menetap saat dipulangkan. Mekanisme yang mendasarinya belum diketahui, tapi hiperglikemia, hipotensi dan hipoksia/hipoksemia di ICU secara nyata berkorelasi dengan outcome neurologik yang tidak baik tersebut. Sebaliknya, pengaruh dari otak ke paru terlihat bahwa sepertiga dari pasien COT terjadi acute lung injury (ALI), yang memperburuk outcome, tapi penyebabnya belum jelas, namun kemungkinan mekanismenya antara lain neurogenic lung/pulmonary edema, mediator inflamasi, infeksi nosokomial, dan efek buruk dari terapi neuroproteksi. Neurogenic pulmonary edema merupakan komplikasi cedera SSP yang telah dikenal dengan baik akibat pelepasan katekolamine masif. Sebagai simpulan pada pasien dengan cedera otak dan gagal nafas akut, pencegahan dari cedera otak iskemik dan penggunaan strategi proteksi paru yang hati-hati merupakan hal yang utama. Sejak cross-talk antara otak dan paru diketahui dapat terjadi melalui berbagai jalur yang berbeda, pengendalian variabel fisiologis merupakan hal penting untuk proteksi otak.
Brain-Lung Interaction in Neurocritical Care
Severe traumatic brain injury patient is one of the most frequent traumatic cases admitted to intensive care unit (ICU) and develop multiple organ dysfunction with high rate of morbidity and mortality. Severe neurological dysfunction associated with pulmonary edema and pulmonary injury which can further worsen clinical outcome has been observed in traumatic brain injury, subarachnoid hemorrhage, status epilepticus, and in brain death cases. Mechanical ventilation that is commonly used in the management of critically ill patients can also trigger pulmonary and other organs responses including the brain, in relation to the inflammation caused. The effect from lung to the brain can be seen by the fact that many acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) survivors showed a persistent cognitive deterioration when discharge. The underlying mechanisms remains unknow, but hyperglycemia, hypotension and hypoxia/hypoxemia in ICU are significantly correlated with this unfavorable neurological outcome. On the other hand, the effect from brain to the lung can be seen by the fact that one-third of acute brain injury patients develop acute lung injury (ALI), that worsen the clinical outcome, but the cause remaining obscure. The possible mechanisms include neurogenic lung edema, inflammatory mediators, nosocomial infection, and the adverse effect of neuroprotective therapy. Neurogenic pulmonary edema is a well-recognized complication of central nervous system insult attributed to a massive catecholamine release. As conclusion in patient with brain injury and acute lung injury, prevention of inadvertent ischemic brain insult and the use of protective lung strategies are mandatory. Since the cross-talk between the brain and lungs may occurs through different pathway, greater control of physiological variables might be important to protect the brain.
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.24244/jni.vol4i1.106
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