Kerusakan Barier Pertahanan Alamiah: Sawar Darah Otak

Ardana Tri Arianto, M. H Sudjito

Abstract


Sawar Darah Otak (SDO) adalah struktur membran yang secara primer memisahkan serta memfiltrasi darah ataupun zat dari sirkulasi sistemik yang masuk ke dalam sirkulasi otak. Sawar Darah Otak merupakan penghalang fisik antara pembuluh darah lokal dan sebagian besar dari sistem saraf pusat itu sendiri, dan tempat berhentinya zat makromolekul. Konsep Sawar Darah Otak pertama kali diperkenalkan oleh Paul Ehrlich. Paul Ehrlich menemukan bahwa injeksi intravena perwarna ke dalam aliran darah meninggalkan noda pada seluruh jaringan di sebagian besar organ kecuali otak. Pada trauma kerusakan sawar darah otak banyak diakibatkan oleh rusaknya integritas membrane sawar darah otak dan pada tumor disebabkan oleh peningkatan permeabilitas sawar darah otak akibat invasi sel tumor. Pada keadaan trauma, disfungsi sawar darah otak dapat terjadi secara cepat ataupun lambat, gangguan dari kompleks tight junction dan integritas membran menghasilkan peningkatan permeabilitas seluler. Sedangkan tumor otak dapat menyebabkan peningkatan permeabilitas sawar darah otak, pembengkakan jaringan sekitar tumor, dan terjadi absorpsi serta pengeluaran cairan dan protein dengan cairan serebrospinal di ventrikel. Terapi kortikosteroid menurunkan ekspresi dari vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) yang diproduksi edema yang terikat dengan sel endotel. Pengelolaan perioperatif penting untuk mengetahui hal-hal yang berkaitan tentang sawar darah otak dikarenakan kompleksitas dari anatomi, fisiologi, fungsi transpor sampai hubungan antara sawar darah otak dengan gangguan neurologis seperti yang terdapat pada kasus cedera otak traumatik dan tumor otak.

 

Disruption of Natural Defense Barrier: Blood-Brain Barriere

The blood brain Barrier (BBB) is a structural membrane that separates and filters blood and subtances that enters the cntral nervous system from systemic circulation. It is a physical barrier between the local blood vessels and most parts of the central nervous system itself, and the flow of macro substances. The concept of the blood brain barrier was first introduced by Paul Ehrlich. He found that intravenous injection of dyes into the bloodstream stained all the tissues in most organs except the brain. In traumatic brain injury, vascular disruption causes damage to integrity of the membrane BBB while in case of tumor, there's an increase of permeability due to tumor cell invasion. In traumatic brain injury , the onset of BBB dysfunction can be immediate or delayed, increased cellular permeability is the result of thr damage of the tight junction complex and membrane integrity. Brain tumor can increase the permeability of BBB edema in the surrounding area, and cause absorption and excretion of cerebrospinal fluid and protein in to the ventricel. Corticosteroid therapy can reduce the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the edematous endothelial cells. Perioperative mamagemrnt requires comprehensive knowledge of the complexity of blood brain barrier's anatomy, physiology, transport function, and the relation between BBB with neurologic dysfunctions which are commonly seen in traumatic brain injury and tumor.


Keywords


Sawar darah otak; gangguan neurologis; blood–brain barrier; neurologic disfunction

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.24244/jni.vol4i1.105

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