Penggunaan FOUR Skor dalam Manajemen Anestesi untuk Evakuasi Hematoma Epidural pada Pasien dengan Intoksikasi Alkohol

Riyadh Firdaus, Diana C. Lalenoh, Sri Rahardjo, Tatang Bisri

Abstract


Manajemen neuroanestesia untuk cedera kepala bertujuan untuk mengoptimalkan perfusi otak, memfasilitasi pembedahan dan mencegah cedera otak sekunder. Bagi pasien cedera kepala yang mengalami toksisitas alkohol, diperlukan perhatian khusus dalam mengevaluasi dan menentukan dosis obat anestesia. Walaupun GCS dapat digunakan sebagai modalitas penilaian pasien dengan intoksikasi alkohol, penilaian menggunakan FOUR adalah alternatif yang lebih baik. FOUR lebih spesifik dalam menilai penurunan kesadaran bila ada defek neurologi, bahkan bagi pasien yang terintubasi. Selama pembiusan, dosis perlu diperhatikan karena konsumsi alkohol jangka panjang dapat meningkatkan kebutuhan dosis obat anestesia. Sebaliknya, intoksikasi alkohol memerlukan dosis obat induksi yang lebih kecil. Seorang laki-laki usia 38 tahun dibawa ke IGD dengan penurunan kesadaran pasca trauma kepala sejak 3 jam sebelum masuk rumah sakit. Pasien memiliki riwayat konsumsi alkohol. Berdasarkan anamnesis, pemeriksaan fisis dan pemeriksaan penunjang, ditegakkan diagnosis Hematom Epidural. Pasien menjalani kraniotomi evakuasi Hematom Epidural selama 4 jam. Pascaoperasi pasien tidak dilakukan ekstubasi dan dirawat di perawatan ICU selama 7 hari.

Use of Four Score in Anesthesia Management for Epidural Hematoma Evacuation in Patient with Alcohol Intoxication

Neuroanesthetic management for brain trauma aims to maintain optimal cerebral perfusion and facilitate surgery while preventing secondary brain injury. For patients with brain trauma under alcohol toxicity, careful monitoring is needed to assess and determine drug dosing. Although GCS is reliable for assessing conciousness in patients with alcohol intoxication, evaluation using FOUR is a reasonable alternative. FOUR is more spesific in identifying level of conciousness in neurologic defects, even in intubated condition. Throughout anesthesia, special attention should be given, as long term alcohol consumption may increase the dose needed for general anesthesia. However, a smaller dose of induction agent is needed in alcohol intoxication. We describe a case of a 38 years old male, who was admitted to emergency department with loss of conciousness following head trauma for 3 hours prior to admission. There was history of alcohol consumption. History and physical findings were consistent with epidural hematoma. Patient underwent craniotomy for epidural hematoma evacuation. The surgery took four hours. Post surgery, patient remained intubated and stayed in ICU for seven days.


Keywords


Four skor; neuroanestesia; kraniotomi; evakuasi hematoma epidural; intoksikasi alkohol; Four score; neuroanesthesia; craniotomy; epidural hematoma evacuation; alcohol intoxication

Full Text:

PDF

References


Dinsmore J. Traumatic brain injury: an evidence-based review of management. Continuing Education in Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain. Br J of Anaesth. 2013;13(6):189–95.

Ling GS. Goldman-Cecil Medicine: Traumatic Brain Injury and Spinal Cord Injury. 25th . ed. Elsevier;2016; 2365–9.

Lank MP, Kusin S. Emergency Medicine Clinical Essentials: Ethanol and Opioid Intoxication and Withdrawal. 2nd ed. Elsevier. 2013; 1314–22

Lange RT, Iverson GL, Brubacher JR, Franzen MD. Effect of blood alcohol level on Glasgow Coma Scale scores following traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 2010; 919–27

Lin HL, Lin TY, Soo KM, Chen CW, Kuo LC, Lin YK, et al. The effect of alcohol intoxication on mortality of blunt head injury. Hindawi Publishing Corp. 2014; 1–4.

Sharma D, Lam AM. Youmans and Winn Neurological Surgery. Neuroanesthesia: Preoperation Evaluation. 7th Ed. Elsevier. 2017; 122-3.

Rundhaug NP, Moen KG, Skandsen T, Mikalsen KS, Lund SB, Hara S, et al. Effect of blood alcohol concentration on Glasgow Coma Scale Score and relation to Computed Tomography findings. Journal of Neurosurgery. 2015; 211–8

Stuke L, Elliott A, Thal E, Diaz-Arrastia R, Gentilello L, Shafi S, et al. Effect of alcohol on Glasgow Coma Scale in head injured patients. Annals of Surgery. 2007: 651–55

Souther SM. Ferri’s Clinical Advisor: Epidural Hematoma. Elsevier. 2017; 441–2.

Aisiku IP, Silvestri DM, Robertson CS. Youmans and Winn Neurological Surgery: Critical Care Management of Traumatic Brain Injury. 7th Edition. Elsevier. 2017; 2876–97.

Huang MC. Youmans and Winn Neurological Surgery: Surgical Management of Traumatic Brain Injury. 7th edition. Elsevier. 2017; 2910–21.

Jalali R, Rezaei M. A Comparison of Glasgow Coma Scale score with Full Outline of Unresponsiveness Scale to predict patient’s traumatic brain injury outcomes in Intensive Care Unit. Hindawi Publishing Corporation. 2014; 1–4.

Sepahvand E, Jalali R, Mirzaei M, Ebrahimzadeh F, Ahmadi M, Amraii E. Glasgow Coma Scale versus Full Outline UnResponsiveness Scale for prediction of outcomes in patients with traumatic brain injury in the Intensive Care Unit. Turk Neurogusrgery. 2016; 1–5.

Bodanapally UK, Sours C, Zhuo J, Shanmuganathan K. Imaging of Traumatic Brain Injury. Elsevier. 2015; 696–708.

Reichart R, Frank S. Intracerebral hemorrhage, indication for surgical treatment and surgical techniques. The Open Critical Care Medicine Journal. 2011; 68–71.

Curry P, Viernes D, Sharma D. Perioperative management of traumatic brain injury. International Journal of Critical Illness and Injury Science. 2011; 5–10.

Chapman R, Plaat F. Alcohol and anaesthesia. Contin Educ Anaesth Crit Care Pain. 2009; 10–3.

Adams C. Anaesthetic implications of acute and chronic alcohol abuse. S Africa J Anaesthesiol Analg. 2010; 42–9.

Acute Alcohol Intoxication and Bispectral Index Monitoring. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2015; 1015–21.

Weiss N, Gilad R, Post KD. Youmans and Winn Neurological Surgery: Complications Avoidance in Neurosurgery. 7th. Ed. Elsevier. 2017; 125-41.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.24244/jni.vol6i3.52

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


                                    

 

JNI is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License