Komplikasi Mual Muntah Pascaoperasi Bedah Saraf

Dimas Rahmatisa, Marsudi Rasman, Siti Chasnak Saleh

Abstract


Mual, dan muntah adalah termasuk diantara keluhan-keluhan paling sering terjadi, dan dapat timbul pada kasus anestesia umum, regional, atau lokal. Insiden muntah sekitar 30%, kejadian mual adalah sekitar 50%, dan sebagian dari pasien berisiko tinggi, angka postoperative nausea and vomitting (PONV) bisa mencapai 80%. Faktor risiko PONV paling besar adalah jenis kelamin wanita, diikuti oleh riwayat motion sickness dan usia, lalu penggunaan anestesia inhalasi, durasi anestesia, penggunaan opioid pasca operasi dan terakhir penggunaan N2O. Pada kasus operasi bedah saraf, khusunya pada pengangkatan tumor, terdapat beberapa bahaya yang dapat terjadi bila PONV ini tidak ditangani dengan baik. Pada pasien bedah saraf, secara umum, kita harus menjaga agar tekanan intra kranial tetap dalam batas normal, sehingga aliran darah otak, dan tekanan perfusi otak dapat terjaga dengan baik. Jika terjadi PONV, maka tekanan intraabdomen akan meningkat, dan tentunya akan juga berpengaruh kepada kenaikan tekanan intrakranial. Disamping itu, pasien pasca pengangkatan tumor, akan rentan terhadap terjadinya perdarahan ulang yang tadinya sudah berhenti saat selesai operasi. Perdarahan dapat terjadi pada tumor bed dan dapat menyebabkan komplikasi yang fatal. Dari berbagai penelitian mengenai PONV pada operasi bedah saraf, faktor lokasi operasi tidak terlalu banyak berpengaruh. Operasi infratentorial memiliki angka PONV yang lebih tinggi, dihubungkan dengan lebih lamanya durasi operasi.


Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting (PONV) Complication after Neurosurgery

Nausea, and vomiting are among the most common complaints, and may occur in the case of general, regional, or local anesthesia. The incidence of vomiting is about 30%, the incidence of nausea is about 50%, and some of the patients are at high risk, Postoperative nausea and vomitting (PONV) rate can reach 80%. The strongest predictor of PONV is female gender, followed by history of motion sickness, age, inhalation anesthetic drugs, postoperative opioid, and using of nitrous oxide. In neurosurgery patients, in general, we must keep the intra-cranial pressure within normal limits, so that the cerebral blood flow, and the cereberal perfussion pressure can be well preserved. If there is PONV, the intraabdominal pressure will increase, and will certainly also affect the intracranial pressure. In addition, patients post-tumor removal, will be vulnerable to the occurrence of re-bleeding that had been stopped when completed surgery. Bleeding can occur in tumor beds and can cause fatal complications. According to various studies on PONV in neurosurgical surgery, the location factor of the surgery did not have much effect. Infratentorial surgery has a higher PONV number, associated with longer duration of operation.


Keywords


PONV; nausea; vomiting; mual; muntah; neurosurgery; tumor; otak; PONV; nausea; vomiting; neurosurgery; brain; tumor

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.24244/jni.vol8i1.202

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