Implikasi Anestesi Pasien Cedera Kepala Traumatik dengan Penyakit Jantung Bawaan (PJB) Sianotik: Masalah Hiperviskositas Darah

Agus Baratha Suyasa, Nazaruddin Umar, Bambang J. Oetoro

Abstract


Saat ini banyak penderita penyakit jantung bawaan (PJB) yang mampu bertahan sampai dewasa (15–25%). Penderita PJB memiliki anatomi serta fisiologi yang kompleks dan spesifik dengan morbiditas dan mortalitas perioperatif yang tinggi. Anak-anak dengan PJB meningkatkan resiko henti jantung serta mortalitas 30 hari setelah pembedahan mayor maupun minor dibandingkan dengan anak-anak yang sehat. Cedera otak traumatik merupakan salah satu kondisi yang mengancam jiwa dan merupakan penyebab utama kecacatan serta kematian pada dewasa dan anak-anak. Edema serebral sering ditemui dalam praktek klinis serta dapat menimbulkan masalah besar termasuk iskemia serebral, yang memperburuk aliran darah otak regional dan global, pergeseran kompartemen intrakranial akibat peningkatan tekanan intrakranial (TIK) sehingga menekan struktur vital otak. PJB sianotik memiliki kadar hematokrit yang meningkat dan diasumsikan berhubungan dengan resiko trombosis serebral dan stroke. Peningkatan massa sel darah merah dicurigai sebagai penyebab sindroma hiperviskositas dimana kadar hematokrit selanjutnya menjadi faktor resiko tejadinya infark serebral. Terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara aliran darah otak dan kadar hematokrit namun belum jelas dinyatakan dalam literatur berapa batas kadar hematokrit, dan kriteria untuk dilakukan phlebotomi. Namun beberapa argumentasi menyatakan polisitemia (kadar hematokrit >60%) memiliki efek yang merugikan dan harus diturunkan dengan phlebotomi karena kompensasi yang berlebihan akan mengganggu aliran darah regional serta aliran darah serebral

 

Anesthesia Implication in a Traumatic Brain Injury Patient with Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease (CHD): Blood hyperviscosity problem

Many patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) survive to adulthood period (15–25%). Patients with CHD have a complex and specific anatomy and physiology with high perioperative morbidity and mortality. Children with congenital heart disease have an increased risk of cardiac arrest and 30 days mortality after both major and minor surgeries compared to healthy children. Traumatic brain injury is one of a life-threatening conditions which is the leading cause of disability and death in both adults and children. Cerebral edema is commonly encountered in clinical practice which have potential to cause major problems including cerebral ischemia, which was worsen the regional and global cerebral blood flow, intracranial compartment shift due to an increase in intracranial pressure (ICP) therefore pressing the vital structures of the brain. Cyanotic congenital heart disease patients have an increased hematocrit levels and this is assumed to be related to the risk of cerebral thrombosis and stroke. Increased red blood cell mass is suspected as the cause of hyperviscosity syndrome in which the hematocrit levels is a further risk factor for cerebral infarction is a significant relationship between cerebral blood flow and hematocrit levels. However the haematocrit unit and criterias for phlebotomy has not been explicitly stated in the literature. Some arguments stated that polycythemia (hematocrit levels >60%) had an adverse effect and should be reduced by phlebotomi as excessive compensation would disrupt the regional blood flow and cerebral blood flow.

 


Keywords


Penyakit jantung bawaan sianotik; cedera otak traumatik; hiperviskositas darah; Cyanotic congenital heart disease; traumatic brain injury; blood hyperviscosity

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.24244/jni.vol2i3.159

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