Penatalaksanaan Pasien Cedera Kepala Berat dengan Evakuasi Perdarahan Subdural yang Tertunda

Sandhi Christanto, Bambang Suryono, Siti Chasnak Saleh

Abstract


Cedera kepala traumatik merupakan masalah kesehatan serius karena merupakan pemicu kematian di seluruh dunia. Sekitar 1–1,5 juta jiwa di Eropa dan Amerika Serikat mengalami cedera kepala tiap tahunnya. Perdarahan subdural akut (PSDA) adalah salah satu kelainan yang menyertai cedera kepala berat. Insidennya mencapai 12–30% dari pasien yang masuk dengan cedera kepala berat. PSDA merupakan tantangan yang berat karena angka morbiditas dan mortalitasnya yang tinggi (55–70%). Waktu antara trauma dan evakuasi perdarahan merupakan faktor paling penting dalam menentukan luaran pasien dengan PSDA. Interval waktu evakuasi lebih dari empat jam pascatrauma meningkatkan angka kematian sampai 85% dibandingkan bila dilakukan dibawah empat jam (30%). Disamping itu, penundaan tindakan evakuasi bekuan darah menambah pelik permasalahan yang ada. Laki-laki 29 tahun, 75 kg diagnosa cedera kepala berat, perdarahan subdural akut fronto-temporo-parietal kiri, dan direncanakan evakuasi hematoma segera. Setelah stabilisasi didapatkan jalan napas potensial obstruksi, tekanan darah 160–170/90 mmHg, laju nadi 65–70 x/menit irregular, GCS 1–1–2 , pupil anisokor 3mm/4mm, hemiparese kanan. Pasien diintubasi, pernapasan di kontrol dan dirawat sementara di ICU karena penundaan evakuasi hematoma. Operasi dilakukan setelah 7 jam pasca pasien tidak sadar. Interval waktu evakuasi lebih dari empat jam pascatrauma menyebabkan peningkatan angka kematian sampai 85% dibandingkan bila dilakukan dibawah empat jam (30%). Beberapa cara dapat dilakukan selama waktu penundaan evakuasi untuk mencegah herniasi sehingga klinisi memiliki harapan dalam pengelolaan PSDA yang mengalami penundaan evakuasi. Tujuan dari laporan kasus ini adalah membahas tindakan-tindakan tersebut dengan harapan mendapat masukan sehingga pengelolaan pasien cedera kepala dengan PSDA menjadi lebih baik.

 

Severe Head Injury Management with Delayed Subdural Hematoma

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is major health problem and leading cause of death worldwide. Approximately 1-1,5 milion people in Europe and United States suffered from TBI yearly. Acute subdural hematoma (ASDH) is commonly seen in severe TBI. The incidence of ASDH is between 12 to 30% with high morbidity and mortality rate (55-70%). Time to surgery is the most important factor that determined the outcome. Time to surgery more than 4 hours is associated with higher mortality rate (85%) compare to when the surgery is done within 4 hours (30%) from the onset of TBI. Furthermore, delayed in surgical clot removal may worsen the outcome. A 29 years old man, 75kgs, suffered from TBI with left fronto-temporo-parietal ASDH and was planned for emergency evacuation of subdural. The airway tended to suffer from obstruction, blood pressure 160-170/90 mmHg, heart rate was irregular around 65-70 bpm, GCS 1-1-2, pupil was anisokor 3mm/4mm, and right hemiparese was found. Patient.was then intubated, the ventilation was controlled and he was managed in the ICU because the operation was delayed. The operation was done after more than 7 hours since the neurological deterioration initiated. There are several methods may be conducted during the delay surgery time to prevent herniation, so phycisiant may regain better result on delayed ASDH surgery. This case report will discuss methods in managing patient with delayed evacuation of ASDH for a better outcome.


Keywords


Cedera kepala traumatik; perdarahan subdural akut; Traumatic brain injury; acute subdural hematoma

Full Text:

PDF

References


Curry P, Viernes D, Sharma D. Perioperative management of traumatic brain injury. Int J Crit Illn Inj Sci 2011.

Leitgeb JL, Mauritz W, Brazinova A, Janciak I, Madjan M, Wilbacher I, et.al. Outcome after severe brain trauma due to acute subdural hematoma. J Neurosurg 2012;117:324–33.

Moppet IK. Traumatic brain injury: assessment, resuscitation and early management. Br J Anaesth 2007; 99 : 18–31.

Karibe H, Hayashi T, Hirano T, Kameyama M, Nakagawa A, Tominaga T. Surgical management of traumatic acute subdural hematoma in adults: A review. Neurol Med Chir 2014;54:887–94.

Karasu A, Civelek E, Aras Y, Sabanci PA, Cansever T, Yanar H et.al. Analysis of clinical prognostic factors in operated traumatic acute subdural hematomas. Turkish Journal of Trauma & Emergency Surgery 2010;16(3): 233–36.

Azhari S, Safdari H, Shabehpoor M, Hosein N, Amiri Z. Traumatic acute subdural hematom: Analysis of factors affecting outcome in comatose patients. Medical Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran 1999;12(4): 313–18.

Jussen D, Papaioannou C, Heimann A, Kempski O, Alessandri B. Effects of hypertonic/hyperoncotic treatment and surgical evacuation after acute subdural hematoma in rats. Crit Care Med 2008; 36(2).

Solaroglu I, Kaptanoglu E, Okutan O, Beskonakli E, Taskin Y. Prognostic value of initial computed tomography in patients with traumatic acute subdural hematoma. Turkish Neurosurgery;12:89–94.

Sorani M, Manley GT. Dose-response relationship of mannitol and intracranial pressure: a metaanalysis. J Neurosurg 2008;108:80–87.

Fink M. Osmotheraphy for intracranial hypertension: mannitol versus hypertonic saline. American Academy of Neurology 2012;(6): 640–54.

Cruz J, Minoja G, Okuchi K. Improving clinical outcomes from acute subdural hematoma with the emergency preoperative administration of high dose of mannitol: a randomized trial. Neurosurgery 2001;49(4):864–71.

Sharma RM, Setlur R, Swamy MN. Evaluation of manitol as an osmotherapeutic agent in traumatic brain injuries by measuring serum osmolality. Medical Journal Armed Forces India 2011; 67(3): 230–33.

Helmy A, Vizcaychipi M, Gupta AK. Traumatic brain injury: intensive care management. Br J Anaesth 2007; 99 : 32–42.

Graffagnino C. Hypothermia: physiology and applications. Dalam:Torbey MT, ed. Neuro Critical Care. NewYork: Cambridge University Press;2010,39–45.

Xiong Y, Mahmood A, Chopp M. Emerging treatments for traumatic brain injury. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2009;14(1):67–84.

Tolani K, Bendo AA, Sakabe T. Anesthetic management of head trauma. Dalam: Newfield P, Cottrell JE, ed. Handbook of Neuroanesthesia. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins;2012, 98–114.

Yokobori S, Gajavelli S, Mondello S, Seaney JM, Bramlett HM, Dietrich WD, et.al. Neuroprotective effect of preoperatively induced mild hypothermia as determined by biomarkers and histopathological estimation in a rat subdural hematoma decompression model. J Neurosurg 2013;118: 370–380.

Mangat HS. Severe traumatic brain injury.American Academy of Neurology 2012: 532–546.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.24244/jni.vol4i3.125

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


                                    

 

JNI is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License