Terapi Hiperosmolar pada Cedera Otak Traumatika

Iwan Abdul Rachman, Sri Rahardjo, Siti Chasnak Saleh

Abstract


Cedera otak traumatika merupakan kasus yang sering ditemukan yang berhubungan dengan morbiditas dan mortalitas yang tinggi. Hipertensi intrakranial dan edema serebral adalah manifestasi utama dari cedera otak berat, keduanya dikenal sebagai kontributor utama pada cedera otak sekunder dan memiliki luaran neurologis yang buruk. Tatalaksana pasien dengan peningkatan tekanan intrakranial dan edema serebral akibat cedera otak traumatika yaitu mengontrol ventilasi, mempertahankan homeostasis otak dan fungsi tubuh, pemberian sedasi, serta terapi hiperosmolar. Manitol dikenal secara luas sebagai terapi utama pada terapi hipertensi intrakranial, namun larutan salin hipertonik dan natrium laktat hipertonik juga merupakan terapi alternatif yang potensial untuk terapi hipertensi intrakranial. Pemberian obat hiperosmolar pada pasien cedera kepala berat bertujuan untuk menurunkan kadar air dalam daerah interstisial otak akibat efek hiperosmolarnya sehingga terjadi penurunan tekanan intrakranial meskipun terdapat beberapa mekanisme lain yang kemungkinan juga terlibat dalam terjadinya penurunan tekanan intrakranial. Sekarang ini efektivitas cairan hiperosmotik dalam mengurangi edema pada jaringan yang pembuluh darahnya mengalami kerusakan masih dipertanyakan. Bahkan penggunaan obat-obatan tersebut sebagai terapi hiperosmolar diduga malah meningkatkan angka kematian karena dapat memperluas edema sehingga semakin memperburuk peningkatan tekanan intrakranial.

 

Hyperosmolar Therapy in Traumatic Brain Injury

Traumatic brain injury is a common case and related with high morbidity and mortality. Intracranial hypertension and cerebral edema are the main manifestation from severe brain injury and known as main contributor for secondary brain injury, with detrimental neurological outcome. Management of elevated intracranial pressure and cerebral edema are controlling ventilation, maintaining brain homeostasis as well as body function, sedation, and hyperosmolar fluid therapy. Mannitol has been widely known as the main therapy for intracranial hypertension, showever, hypertonic saline and hypertonic sodium lactate are considered as potential alternative therapy for intracranial hypertension. The provision of hyperosmolar theraphy for severe head injury patients aims to reduce water content in the interstitial of the brain for its hyperosmolar effect that would decrease intracranial pressure, even though there probably other mechanism which involve for the decrease of intracranial pressure. In present day, the effectiveness of hyperosmolar fluid in reducing edema in the damaged tissue with impared blood vessel remains questionable. Moreover, the usage of those medication as hyperosmolar therapy allegedly increases mortality because it could adjuct the edema which would exacerbate extension of edema which exacerbate the increase of intracranial pressure.


Keywords


Cedera otak traumatika; tekanan intrakranial; terapi hiperosmolar; traumatic brain injury; intracranial pressure; hyperosmolar therapy

Full Text:

PDF

References


Bullock MR, Povlishock JT. Guidelines for the management of severe traumatic brain injury. Edisi ke-3. Journal of Neurotrauma. 2007;24(1): S1–S2.

Haddad S, Arabi Y. Critical care management of severe traumatic brain injury in adults. Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine 2012, 20:12.

Helmy A, Vizcaychipin M, Gupta AK. Traumatic brain injury: intensive care management. Br J Anaesth 2007; 99: 32–42.

Kolmodin L, Sekhon MS, Henderson WR, Turgeon AF, Griesdale DE. Hypernatremia in patients with severe traumatic brain injury: a systematic review. Annal Intensive Care. 2013; 3: 35.

Wakai A, McCabe A, Robert I, Schierhout G. Mannitol for acute traumatic brain injury. The Cochrane Collaboration. 2013; 8: 1–21.

Wani AA, Ramzan AU, Nizami F, Malik NK, Kirmani AR, Bhatt AR, dkk. Controversy in use of mannitol in head injury. Indian Journal of Neurotrauma. 2008; 5(11): 11–3.

Sharma G, Setlur R, Swamy MN. Evaluation of mannitol as an osmotherapeutic agent in traumatic brain injuries by measuring serum osmolality. MJAFI 2011;67:230–233.

Li J, Wang B. Hyperosmolar therapy for the intracranial pressure in neurological practice: manitol versus hypertonic saline. International Journal of Anesthesiology Research. 2013; 1: 56–61.

Mortazavi MM, Romeo AK, Deep A, Griessennauer CJ, Shoja MM, Tubbs RS, dkk. Hypertonic saline for treating raised intracranial pressure: literature review with meta-analysis. J Neurosurg. 2012; 116: 210–21.

Collins TR. Hyperosmolar therapy yield worse results in primary ICH patients, database review show. Neurology Today. 2014; 42–5.

Marko NF. Hypertonic saline, not mannitol should be considerred gold-standard medical therapy for intracranial hypertension. Critical Care. 2012; 16: 1–3.

Arifin MZ, Risdianto A. Perbandingan efektivitas natrium laktat dengan manitol untuk menurunkan tekanan intrakranial penderita cedera kepala berat. MKB 2012, Volume 44 No. 1.

Ahmad RM, Hanna. Effect of equiosmolar solutions of hypertonic sodium lactate versus mannitol in craniectomy patients with moderate traumatic brain injury. Med J Indones. 2014; 23–1.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.24244/jni.vol4i2.110

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


                                    

 

JNI is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License