Penatalaksanaan Perioperatif Cedera Kepala Traumatik Berat dengan Tanda Cushing

Wahyu Sunaryo Basuki, Bambang Suryono, Siti Chasnak Saleh

Abstract


Cedera kepala traumatik merupakan masalah utama kesehatan dan sosial ekonomi, penyebab kematian dan kecacatan di seluruh dunia. Meskipun ada cara diagnosis yang canggih dan penatalaksanaan yang mutakhir, prognosis pasien cedera kepala traumatik masih tetap jelek. Derajat keparahan cedera primer merupakan faktor utama yang menentukan luaran; sedangkan cedera sekunder karena hipotensi, hipoksemia, hiperkarbia, hiperglikemia, dan hipoglikemia setelah cedera awal menyebabkan kerusakan lebih lanjut dari jaringan otak dan memperjelek luarannya. Cedera kepala traumatik berat adalah cedera kepala dengan glasgow coma scale score antara 3 sampai 8. Tanda Cushing adalah tanda kenaikan tekanan intrakranial yang tinggi dan tanda herniasi. Penatalaksanaan cedera kepala difokuskan pada pengelolaan dan pencegahan cedera sekunder. Seorang wanita 54 tahun, berat badan 50 kg, tinggi badan 155 cm dibawa ke unit gawat darurat rujukan dari rumah sakit lain karena kecelakaan lalu lintas, jatuh dari sepeda motor. Dilakukan resusitasi dan stabilisasi; jalan nafas bebas; laju nafas 10–16x/menit; tekanan darah 180/100 mmHg; laju nadi 50–55x/menit; skor GCS E2M2V1; pupil kiri dan kanan isokor 3 mm, reaksi cahaya lambat. Pemeriksaan CT-Scan menunjukkan perdarahan intraserebral frontal basal kanan, ukuran 7,5 x 4,4 x 2,2 cm, perkiraan volume 40 cc, dan perdarahan kiri kecil; perdarahan subarahnoid mengisi sulkus temporal kanan; midline shift ke kiri 2,6 mm; dan edema serebri luas. Segera dilakukan kraniotomi evakuasi perdarahan untuk menyelamatkan pasien. Penatalaksanaan cedera kepala perioperatif meliputi evaluasi yang cepat, resusitasi pembedahan dini, dan tatalaksana terapi intensif dapat memperbaiki luaran penderita cedera kepala

 

Perioperative Management of Severe Brain Injury with Cushing’s Sign

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major health and socioeconomic problem, as well as a common cause of death and disabilty worldwide. Despite modern diagnostic tools and advancement in the treatment, prognosis of TBI patients remains poor. Severity of primary injury is the determining factor of outcome in TBI. Secondary injury, caused by hypotension, hypoxemia, hypercarbia, hyperglycemia, and hypoglycemia, following primary injury can cause further brain damage and worsen patient’s outcome. Severe TBI is brain injury with Glasgow Coma Scale score (GCS) of 3 to 8. Cushing’s sign is a sign of high intracranial pressure and herniation. Management of TBI is focused on managing and preventing secondary injury. A 54 years-old female patient (50 kg, 155 cm) was admitted ro the emergency unit due to motorcycle accident. Upon resuscitation and stabilization, the airway was secured, respiratory rate 10-16 times/minute, blood pressure 180/100 mmHg, pulse 50-55 beats/minute, and GCS E2M2V1. Pupils were isochoric, with 3 mm diameter. Direct light reflex was slow. CT-scan revealed a 40 cc right frontobasal intracranial hemorrhage with a size of 7.5 x 4.4 x 2.2 cm3; subarachnoid hemorrhage was occupying the right temporal sulcus; 2.6 mm midline shift to the left; and extensive cerebral edema. Craniotomy for evacuation of intracranial hematoma was performed. Perioperative managements including rapid evaluation, early surgical resuscitation, and intensive care can improve patients’ outcome.


Keywords


Cedera kepala traumatik berat; penatalaksanaan perioperatif; tanda cushing; Cushing’s sign; perioperative management; severe traumatic brain injury

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.24244/jni.vol4i1.107

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